Abstract: A method for applying a cold end lubricating coating to glassware articles on which a hot end metal oxide coating may have been applied includes conveying the glassware articles through a heated vapor deposition chamber provided by thermally isolating a conveyer portion. Lubricating coating material, such as a fatty acid, is liquified in a heated reservoir inside a heated tank which also contains a heated vapor chamber. The reservoir and vapor chamber are separated by an internal wall of the tank. At least one flow of the liquefied coating material is directed to at least one vaporizer positioned on the tank adjacent to the reservoir and vapor chamber. The liquefied coating material is vaporized by feeding a flow of pressurized air to each vaporizer such that vaporous particles of liquefied coating material are entrained in the air. The air and entrained vaporous particles are directed to a vapor deposition chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for forming a coating on glassware articles comprises a source of pressurized air and source of liquid coating material. The source of liquid coating material includes a reservoir and a vapor-forming chamber. An adjustable gas pressure regulator provides a regulated gas pressure in the reservoir and a regulated flow of liquid coating material out of the reservoir. A plurality of vapor-forming atomizers are positioned and configured to atomize the liquid coating material and direct the coating material vapor into the vapor chamber. The apparatus further includes a vapor booth and a conveyor operable to convey glassware articles to the vapor booth to be coated. A plurality of fans provide circulating flows of coating material vapor within the booth and along the conveyer portion.

Abstract: In a system and method for forming a metal oxide coating on glassware, heated glassware is provided in a coating zone, preferably by a grounded conveyor. An electrostatic charging and depositing field is established to a surface of the glassware in the coating zone, and a flow of metallic vapor is generated and introduced into the electrostatic charging and depositing field. The metallic vapor is electrostatically deposited on the surface of the heated glassware, and reacts with oxygen at the surface of the heated glassware to form a metal oxide coating on the surface of the glassware. The system and method can be used in either cold end coating or hot end coating, and can provide a dual cold end coating with an initial metal oxide cold end coating and a subsequent conventional cold end coating, providing improved surface lubricity at reduced costs.

Abstract: Electrostatic coating methods and apparatus are used to coat the exterior surface of glassware and preclude deposition on the interior surface and mouth of the glassware. A preferred stearic acid coating electrostatically applied over glassware with a hot end coating provides a more durable coating, improves scratch resistance and can reduce the amount of hot end coating for improved scratch resistance.

Abstract: An atomic frequency standard cell having low helium permeability includes first and second windows sealed by fusible annular gaskets to sealing surfaces defined by a tubular cylindrical body. One of the windows defines an opening, and a fill tube is sealed the window adjacent the opening by a tube gasket. The gaskets are made of a lower softening point glass such as borosilicate glass, and the body, windows and fill tube are formed of a higher softening point glass such as aluminosilicate glass. The assembly is sealed together by heating it to a temperature that causes the gaskets to fuse and seal the adjacent components together.

Abstract: A method of increasing the abrasion resistance of glass articles is disclosed. It has been found that by providing a vitreous substrate with a micro-roughened surface and an overlayer of dry lubricious organic coating, substantially increased lubricity and abrasion resistance is obtained. When the micro-roughened surface is provided by bonding a discontinuous distribution of discrete particulate material to the surface, a substantial increase in abrasion resistance and lubricity is realized even without the overlayer of dry lubricious coating thereby making the present invention particularly adaptable to use in the hot end of a glassware manufacturing process. Further, when the particulate material is fusible at about the annealing temperature of the glassware and is applied at the hot end, the particulate material will protect the glass surface through the hot end by bearing the major part of any loads created by contact between the glassware and other objects in its transport through the hot end.

Abstract: A new article of manufacture comprising an aluminum substrate has at least one surface coated with a lubricating material. The lubricating material is preferably a dielectric hydrocarbon deposited in particulate form by the method of electrostatically charging the particles so that they mutually repel one another, maintaining a quiescent cloud of such charged particles adjacent the surface to be lubricated, and depositing and distributing the charged particles onto the surface substantially entirely by electrostatic forces. The particles preferably have an average diameter of less than ten microns and are deposited to cover from about one percent to about fifteen percent of the surface in an amount of from about four milligrams per square foot to about 24 milligrams per square foot.

Abstract: The present invention was developed to provide an improved process for retaining the substantially pristine state of glass articles, particularly thin-walled, lightweight glass containers.

Abstract: A method of increasing the abrasion resistance of glass articles is disclosed. It has been found that by providing a vitreous substrate with a micro-roughened surface and an overlayer of dry lubricious organic coating, substantially increased lubricity and abrasion resistance is obtained. When the micro-roughened surface is provided by bonding a discontinuous distribution of discrete particulate material to the surface, a substantial increase in abrasion resistance and lubricity is realized even without the overlayer of dry lubricious coating thereby making the present invention particularly adaptable to use in the hot end of a glassware manufacturing process. Further, when the particulate material is fusible at about the annealing temperature of the glassware and is applied at the hot end, the particulate material will protect the glass surface through the hot end by bearing the major part of any loads created by contact between the glassware and other objects in its transport through the hot end.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are disclosed for electrostatically dispersing lubricating particles onto the surfaces of electrically conductive substrates. In the method and apparatus, discrete sheets, for example, of electrically conductive substrate are moved through a housing in which the lubricating particles are deposited. The conveying means that carry the sheets through the housing electrically isolate the sheets in space while they are exposed to deposition of the particles. To avoid the accumulation of voltage on the sheets during deposition and to avoid inhibition of deposition that may result therefrom, at least two deposition chambers are used and each deposition chamber receives a supply of lubricating particles for deposition on the sheets. Independent electrode means are provided in each deposition chamber.

Abstract: A modular gas cleaner can consist of an elongated box having an inlet opening and an outlet opening. The interior of the elongated box is divided into a plurality of elongated passageways by partitioning means within the box. The internal partitions of the box define a plurality of openings so that gas introduced into the inlet opening of the box must travel the length of each passageway prior to passage out of the outlet opening. Electrodes are located within each passageway and electrically isolated from the box to permit the electrodes to be charged to high voltage. The plurality of electrodes are connected with a high voltage supply to create an electrostatic charging and depositing field within the passageways of the box. The gascleaner drain openings provided in the internal partitions which lead to a collecting tank at the low point of the elongated box.

Abstract: Lubricating material is applied to a fast moving strip within a vertical deposition chamber having smooth side walls and a roof slanted at an acute angle with respect to the side walls on each side of the chamber at its top. A plurality of sources of lubricating particles are spaced in each side of the deposition chamber intermediate its top and bottom. Each of the sources includes a horizontal chamber outside of the deposition chamber and opens into the deposition chamber. Each of the sources have a plurality of compressed air atomizers supplied from a supply of lubricating material in said horizontal chamber and are adapted to remove the larger particles of lubricating material from said spray and to urge the remaining smaller particles into the deposition chamber by the residual flow of compressed air from said atomizers. Lubricating particles flow slowly and without significant momentum into the deposition chamber.

Abstract: Apparatus for generating and substantially uniformly electrostatically dispersing very finely divided lubricating particles onto the surface of an electrically conductive substrate. In this apparatus, lubricant material is atomized into a spray of particles of various sizes. Larger particles are removed from the spray by gravity, airflow and other forces. The remaining cloud of extremely small particles is delivered to a housing. The housing is preferably constructed from electrically non-conductive material and is structured to maintain the cloud of small particles in a substantially quiescent suspension between electrodes spaced from the conductive substrate within the housing. An ionization discharge is maintained by a voltage differential between the electrodes and the substrate to electrically charge the small particles in the cloud for deposition substantially entirely by electrostatic forces.

Abstract: Apparatus generates and substantially uniformly electrostatically deposits very finely divided lubricating particles onto the surface of an electrically conducting substrate. A lubricant material is sheared into droplets of various sizes. The larger particles are filtered out of a flow of particles by gravity, baffles, and other forces leaving only a cloud of extremely small particles to be deposited. Deposition occurs within a housing that includes a plurality of sections arranged longitudinally on at least one side of the substrate and includes electrode means transversely positioned in each such section. The cloud of particles is uniformly provided to each of a plurality of longitudinal sections of the substrate and permitted to drift or migrate relatively slowly between the electrodes and the substrate. The particles in the cloud are electrostatically charged by high voltage applied to the electrodes and deposited on the surface of the substrate as a uniform dispersion of spaced particles of lubricant.

Abstract: The object is electrically charged to have a first polarity. A dispersion in air of powdered coating is similarly charged to have a like, first polarity and is clouded about the object. The metal object is then suddenly provided with an opposite charge to have an opposite, second polarity, whereupon particles from the cloud are uniformly attracted to and deposited on the object. The powder composition and the technique for fusing the deposited powder to provide a continuous coating may be the same as are in current commercial use.

Abstract: A primed fuel is manufactured by the application of particles of a combustible primer, such as wax, to a fuel, such as charred wood. In the method and apparatus of this manufacture, fuel is transported through a deposition zone within the apparatus. A liquid supply of combustible primer is provided and formed into droplets and deposited in droplet form onto the fuel, preferably by electrostatic deposition. The primer tends to be preferentially deposited at the more readily ignitable edge of the fuel.

Abstract: A new method for generating and substantially uniformly electrostatically dispersing very fine spheroidally shaped lubricating particles onto the moving surface of a metal or other electrically conductive substrate. A lubricant material in its liquid state is drawn by airflow through a small venturi orifice where it is sheared into droplets of various sizes. Larger droplets are filtered out of the continuing post-venturi airflow by gravity, baffles, airflow forces and/or inertia effects leaving only a mist cloud of extremely small spheroid particles which are then migrated within a charged plasma so as to transfer electrical charge thereto in sufficient quantities to achieve a desired uniform high charge/mass ratio and thus insure an eventually uniform electrostatic dispersion of substantially all the spheroids over the substrate surface.

Abstract: Method for generating and substantially uniformly electrostatically dispersing very finely divided spheroidally shaped lubricating particles onto the moving surface of metal or other electrically conducting substrate. A lubricant material in its liquid state is drawn by airflow through a small venturi orifice where it is sheared into droplets of various sizes. Larger droplets are filtered out of the continuing post-venturi airflow by gravity, baffles, airflow forces and/or inertia effects, leaving only a mist cloud of extremely small spheroid particles which are then migrated within a charged plasma so as to transfer electrical charge thereto in sufficient quantities to achieve a desired uniform high charge/mass ratio and thus insure a uniform eventual electrostatic dispersion of substantially all the spheroids over the substrate surface.

Abstract: This invention pertains to apparatus for coating vitreous surfaces, advantageously precoated with a metal oxide, including a continuous treating chamber exposing the vitreous surfaces to the chemically unchanged vapor of a coating composition, particularly fatty acids, and also including heaters, vaporizers and fans in a special type of hooded enclosure for continuous recirculation of the coating composition to accomplish the method.

Abstract: The subject invention relates to a method and apparatus for removing hot exhaust treatment gases containing tin or titanium compounds associated with glass making operations. The apparatus and method herein described comprises exhausting the treatment gases through a plurality of directed fluid treating patterns whereby the hydroscopic materials are hydrated forming aggregates and the suspended particles are wetted, passing the exhausted gases over a supply of a treating fluid whereby some of the aggregates and wetted particles are removed, exposing thereafter the exhausted gases to ions in an electrostatic field so that the remaining aggregates and wetted particles are charged and travel under the influence of the field, and removing the charged aggregates and particles by a descending fluid film.