Abstract: There is provided a surface-treated steel sheet (1) comprising: a tin-plated steel sheet (10) obtained by tin-plating a steel sheet (11); a phosphate compound layer (20) containing tin phosphate formed on the tin-plated steel sheet (10); and an aluminum-oxygen compound layer (30) on the phosphate compound layer (20), a main constituent of the aluminum-oxygen compound layer (30) being an aluminum-oxygen compound; wherein, when the 3d5/2 spectrum of tin in the aluminum-oxygen compound layer (30) is determined using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the ratio of the integration value of the profile derived from tin oxide to the integration value of the profile derived from tin phosphate (tin oxide/tin phosphate) is 6.9 or more.

Abstract: Provided is a negative ion source and a negative ion generation method capable of providing a high negative ion generation efficiency. A negative ion source includes a housing that includes: an inlet from which a sample is introduced; a plasma generation region communicated with the inlet, a plasma being generated by discharge in the plasma generation region; a negative ion generation region in which particles dissociated or excited by a reaction of the generated plasma with the sample are converted into negative ions; and an extraction port communicated with the negative ion generation region, the generated negative ions being extracted outside through the extraction port. The negative ion generation region is filled with a thermionic emission material for generating thermoelectrons by high frequency heating.

Abstract: To provide a functional membrane for ion beam transmission capable of enhancing ion beam transmittance and improving beam emittance. A functional membrane for ion beam transmission according to the present invention is used in a beam line device through which an ion beam traveling in one direction passes and has a channel. The axis of the channel is substantially parallel to the travel direction of the ion beam.

Abstract: To provide a functional membrane for ion beam transmission capable of enhancing ion beam transmittance and improving beam emittance. A functional membrane for ion beam transmission according to the present invention is used in a beam line device through which an ion beam traveling in one direction passes and has a channel. The axis of the channel is substantially parallel to the travel direction of the ion beam.

Abstract: A microwave carburizing furnace comprising: a microwave heat source for conducting carburization in plasma generated in atmosphere without electrodes; a microwave irradiating chamber into which the microwave is introduced; a atmospheric gas supply mechanism for supplying atmospheric gas containing Ar and O2 into the irradiating chamber; and a rapid quenching mechanism for quenching a specimen after carburizing treatment with a quenching medium; wherein a steel material as the specimen and a carbon source necessary for carburization are placed in the carburizing chamber.

Abstract: During a communication, when frame sync is lost in the receiver section of a spread spectrum communication apparatus, after the said sync is recovered, ID certification is practiced when the field intensity just before the loss is strong, or skipped when the said intensity is weak, and then the communication is resumed. Thus, the communication interrupt time due to the loss of sync is reduced.

Abstract: A radio apparatus using a limited channel scan mode is provided. In the limited channel scan mode, a parent unit scans for transmitting within a limited channel group determined on the basis of the last channel used, and a child unit intermittently scans for receiving within the same limited channel group. Since not all channels are scanned, the working time of the child unit during one scan period is shortened and the battery power is saved. When interference occurs during communication, the channel being used is switched and the channel group thereafter is thus also changed.