Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal device is described. The device comprises a pair of substrates, an electrode arrangement formed on the inside surface of the substrates, an orientation control surface provided on the inside surface of one of said substrates, and a blended ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between the substrates. By suitably preparing the liquid crystal, multi-micro-domains are formed in the liquid crystal. By virtue of the multi-micro-domains, the contrast ratio and the response speed are significantly improved.

Abstract: An electro-optical device and a method for displaying an image are disclosed. A clear image with a clear profile can be displayed therein by processing input image data, for example input image data of TV broadcasting received by the device.

Abstract: A method for displaying an image with a clear outline by correcting original image data of addresses in the vicinity of addresses on which a boundary line image is contained in an original image wherein the addresses on which a boundary line image is contained in an original image have maximal absolute values of gradients of brightness in the original image.

Abstract: An electro-optical device includes a light amplifying portion comprising a first substrate having a transparent conductive film, a photoconductor whose electric resistance is lowered in accordance with light irradiation and a dielectric thin film, a second substrate having a transparent conductive film and a uniaxially orienting mechanism and a ferroelectric liquid crystal or antiferroelectric liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first and second substrate, an image write-in portion comprising a display body, a mirror for splitting an image light into three color lights and light shutters for performing a switching operation between transmission and interception of the split lights, and serves to irradiate the image light through the first substrate of each light amplifying portion, an image read-out portion comprising a light source for irradiating light through the second substrate of each of the three light amplifying portions, and red, green and blue color filter portions, and an imaging portion fo

Abstract: The method of fine gradation display by an electro-optical device with little influence by difference in elemental devices, is disclosed, which is an object of the present invention. In case of an active matrix electro-optical device, a visual gradation display can be carried out by digitizing an analog image signal externally supplied by means of binary notation, by temporarily storing the digital signal thus obtained, by outputting the digital signal to a circuit of next step in a proper order, and by controlling the output timing of the signal so as to output the signal to the active matrix electro-optical device, and whereby digitally controlling the time for applying voltage to a picture element.

Abstract: A semiconductor device or a semiconductor integrated circuit includes a field effect transistor having a source region, a drain region and a channel regions formed within a semiconductor substrate. A lower wiring is formed on the semiconductor substrate to form a gate electrode and its extension and oxidized to form an oxide film covering the lower wiring. An upper wiring is formed over the lower wiring on the semiconductor substrate to make contact with the drain or source region. The lower wiring is electrically insulated from the upper wiring by the oxide film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device and a manufacturing method thereof are described. The device comprises a liquid crystal panel and an auxiliary panel formed with an IC circuit for supplying driving signals to the liquid crystal device. The auxiliary substrate is separately provided with the circuit and the function thereof is tested in advance of the assembling with the liquid crystal panel. By this procedure, the yield is substantially improved.

Abstract: An electro-optical device and a method of fine gradation display by an electro-optical device are disclosed.

Abstract: An electro-optical apparatus comprising a pair of first and second devices, which are provided in an optical path extending from a light source and a screen for outputting a picture image thereon, the first and second devices each including a pair of first and second substrates each having electrodes and leads formed thereon, which sandwich therebetween an electro-optical modulating layer (comprising for example a liquid crystal composition) and a means for orienting the liquid crystal composition at least in an initial stage. The light transmission factor of the second device changes with time rotationally in the ratios of approximately 2.sup.0 to 2.sup.1 to 2.sup.2 to . . . to 2.sup.n (n is an arbitrary natural number). Thus, it is possible to realize tonal display, reduce the overall weight of the apparatus and improve the yield.

Abstract: A full-wave-rectifying-circuit is composed of six diodes and six transistors inversely connected in parallel with the diodes. A phase-control-circuit has three magnetic sensors each of which corresponds to one of the phase-windings and positioned so as to lag by an electric angle of 90.degree. to provide digital signals which lag an electric at an angle of 60.degree. behind the induced-phase-signal. The six transistors are driven by the digital signals to form controlled AC voltages which lag behind the induced line voltages by an electric angle 60.degree. so that the alternator increases the output power without increase of the body size.

Abstract: A liquid-crystal electro-optical device capable of compensating for the operation of any malfunctioning one of TFTs (thin-film transistors) existing within the device if such a malfunction occurs. Plural complementary TFT configurations are provided per pixel electrode. Each complementary TFT configuration consists of at least one p-channel TFT and at least one n-channel TFT. The input and output terminals of the plural complementary TFT configurations are connected in series. One of the input and output terminals is connected to the pixel electrode, while the other is connected to a first signal line. All the gate electrodes of the p-channel and n-channel TFTs included in said plural complementary TFT configurations are connected to a second signal line.

Abstract: A grey tone display and a driving method are described. The display comprises a light influencing layer, an electrode pad located adjacent to the layer at one side of the layer in order to define a pixel in the layer, an n-channel field effect transistors connected to the electrode pad at its source terminal, a p-channel field effect transistors connected to the electrode pad at its source terminal, a first control line connected to the drain terminal of the n-channel field effect transistor, a second control line connected to the drain terminal of the p-channel field effect transistor, a third control line connected to the gate terminals of the n-channel field effect transistor and the p-channel field effect transistor, and a control circuit for supplying control signals to the first, second and third control lines. By this configuration, the voltage of the electrode pad can be arbitrarily controlled by adjusting the input level at the gate terminals.

Abstract: A multilayer semiconductor integrated circuit which does not suffer from latchup. The circuit comprises a semiconductor substrate, a first MOS transistor formed on the substrate, an interlayer insulator deposited on the first transistor, and a second MOS transistor formed on the interlayer insulator. The two transistors have different conductivity types. The gate electrode of the second transistor consists mainly of metal or metal silicide, e.g. aluminum. The upper and side surfaces of the gate electrode is coated with a material comprising an oxide of the metal or metal silicide.

Abstract: A display device with over voltage protection circuits having zener diode characteristics. The protection circuits have pairs of TFTs connected to resistive dividers. Each resistive divider provide the voltage set levels for one direction of overvoltage application.

Abstract: A novel structure of an active electro-optic device is disclosed. The device is provided with complementary transistors therein which comprise a p-channel TFT and an n-channel TFT. In case of a liquid crystal electro-optic device, the device comprises a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal provided therebetween, picture element electrode islands arranged in matrix form and provided on one of the substrates, complementary transistors provided thereon, and signal lines provided thereon. Gate electrodes of p-channel and n-channel transistors of these complementary transistors are connected to some of the signal lines while source (or drain) electrodes thereof are connected to the electrode islands and drain (or source) electrodes thereof are connected to other signal lines.

Abstract: An electro-optic device featuring an semiconductor device formed by providing an insulator over a gate electrode, and anodic oxidizing only the sides of the gate electrode.

Abstract: An electro-optical device is disclosed. The device comprises a first substrate provided with an electrode and a lead thereon, a second substrate provided with an electrode and a lead thereon, a liquid crystal composition exhibiting ferroelectricity, and a means for orienting the liquid crystal composition at least in its early stage. The liquid crystal composition and the means for orienting the liquid crystal composition at least in its early stage are provided between the first and second substrates, and the product (.DELTA.nd) of the value of the optic anisotropy (.DELTA.n) of the liquid crystal composition and the thickness (d) of the liquid crystal composition is adjusted to 500 to 650 nm.

Abstract: A multilayer semiconductor integrated circuit which does not suffer from latchup. The circuit comprises a semiconductor substrate, a first MOS transistor formed on the substrate, an interlayer insulator deposited on the first transistor, and a second MOS transistor formed on the interlayer insulator. The two transistors have different conductivity types. The gate electrode of the second transistor consists mainly of metal or metal silicide, e.g. aluminum. The upper and side surfaces of the gate electrode is coated with a material comprising an oxide of the metal or metal silicide.

Abstract: Method of driving a liquid crystal electro-optical device in such a way that the device produces accurate gray tones with high reproducibility. In this device, a complementary TFT (thin film transistor) configuration consisting of at least one p-channel TFT and at least one n-channel TFT is formed per pixel electrode. One of the input/output terminals of this configuration is connected to the pixel electrode. The other is connected to a first signal line. All the gate electrodes of the TFTs of the configuration are connected to a second signal line. High-speed pulses are applied to one of the input/output terminals of the TFT configuration via the first signal line. A high-speed bipolar signal is applied to the gate electrodes in synchronism with the pulses, to electrically charge the pixel. After the completion of the charging, the bipolar signal is again applied to the gate electrodes to discharge the pixel. This series of operations is repeated to produce halftones.

Abstract: A reflective-type liquid crystal device including a first substrate; a plurality of color layers formed on the substrate and arranged in the form of a matrix; a first electrode arrangement formed on the substrate; a light modulating layer including a dispersion-type liquid crystal adjacent the first electrode arrangement; a second electrode arrangement opposite to the first electrode arrangement with the light modulating layer therebetween; and a plurality of thin film transistors for switching the light modulating layer.