Abstract: As shown by the following formula (1), after methyl laurate (2 mmol) and water (8 mL) are added to an ammonium pyrosulfate catalyst (5 mol %), a hydrolysis reaction of methyl laurate is carried out by heating for 24 hours at 60° C. while stirring is performed, so that lauric acid can be obtained with a yield of 86%.

Abstract: A method for production of hydroxycarboxylic acid amide compounds, including performing amide condensation between an ?- or ?-hydroxycarboxylic acid compound and an amine compound in the presence as a catalyst of an alkylboronic acid represented by R3B(OH)2 (wherein R3 is a primary alkyl group) or an arylboronic acid compound to produce a hydroxycarboxylic acid amide compound, the arylboronic acid compound being represented by Formula (1): (in Formula (1), —(CH2)nNR1R2 is bonded at an ortho position or a para position, n is 1 or 2, R1 is a tertiary alkyl group, R2 is a secondary or tertiary alkyl group, and —NR1R2 may be a ring).

Abstract: A method for production of hydroxycarboxylic acid amide compounds, including performing amide condensation between an ?- or ?-hydroxycarboxylic acid compound and an amine compound in the presence as a catalyst of an alkylboronic acid represented by R3B(OH)2 (wherein R3 is a primary alkyl group) or an arylboronic acid compound to produce a hydroxycarboxylic acid amide compound, the arylboronic acid compound being represented by Formula (1): (in Formula (1), —(CH2)nNR1R2 is bonded at an ortho position or a para position, n is 1 or 2, R1 is a tertiary alkyl group, R2 is a secondary or tertiary alkyl group, and —NR1R2 may be a ring).

Abstract: As shown by the following formula (1), after methyl laurate (2 mmol) and water (8 mL) are added to an ammonium pyrosulfate catalyst (5 mol %), a hydrolysis reaction of methyl laurate is carried out by heating for 24 hours at 60° C. while stirring is performed, so that lauric acid can be obtained with a yield of 86%.

Abstract: When phthalic acid is heated in heptane under azeotropic reflux conditions in the presence of a catalytic amount of an arylboronic acid compound (such as 2,6-(diisopropylaminomethyl)phenylboronic acid or 2,6-bis(diisopropylaminomethyl)phenylboronic acid), phthalic anhydride is obtained in high yield.

Abstract: When phthalic acid is heated in heptane under azeotropic reflux conditions in the presence of a catalytic amount of an arylboronic acid compound (such as 2,6-(diisopropylaminomethyl)phenylboronic acid or 2,6-bis(diisopropylaminomethyl)phenylboronic acid), phthalic anhydride is obtained in high yield.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of using a continuous casting-continuous hot rolling facility to cast a medium thickness bar, making the bar reach a final hot rolling inlet while a temperature over 1200° C. for holding the solid-solute state of AlN is maintained, hot rolling the bar, and rapidly cooling it to make fine AlN precipitate and thereby efficiently an inexpensively produce high flux density grain-oriented silicon steel sheet without any high temperature heating of the bar.

Abstract: A composition for forming insulating films on electrical steel sheets includes a (meth)acrylate ester polymer, modified into a polymer containing an ethylenic unsaturated carboxylic acid component as an essential copolymerizable component, optionally with other copolymerizable vinylic compound components. The composition is used in the form of an aqueous emulsion with or without methacrylate ester base polymer powders. The composition has low expandability and coatability and provides an improved film. Especially when the composition contains methacrylate ester base polymer powders, improved weldability is achieved and high-quality coated steel sheet products are provided. A method of forming the insulating films is also described.

Abstract: Proposed herein is a process for producing fine particulate metals comprising reducing fine powder of at least one iron compound selected from the group consisting of iron oxide, iron sulfate and iron chloride with a reducing gas to provide fine particulate iron having a particle size of from 0.1 to 3.0 .mu.m and a specific surface area of from 2.0 to 4.0 m.sup.2 /g, and bringing the fine particulate iron in contact with an aqueous solution containing ions of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, tin, lead, cobalt, copper and silver thereby forming fine powder of at least one of above-mentioned metals having a particle size of from 0.1 to 3.0 .mu.m in the aqueous solution.

Abstract: A process for the production of an electrical steel sheet having the ideal (100) [001] cube texture of iron of iron alloy, comprising cold rolling a sheet of a single crystal or large grained crystals of iron or iron alloy, in which said single crystal is or a majority of said large grained crystals are oriented so that the pole of the {114} plane may form an angle not greater than 15.degree. with the normal direction of the plane of the sheet, and the <401> direction may form an angle of not greater than 15.degree. with a single direction in the plane of the sheet, in said single direction at a rolling reduction of at least 40%, and annealing the rolled sheet to form a primary recrystallization texture of fine grains of an average grain size of not larger than 5 mm under conditions preventing the occurrence of secondary recrystallization.