Abstract: Ligand-ion channel interactions are analyzed via electrophysiological methods having rapid temporal response and high sensitivity, thereby reducing the collection time and enabling monitoring of dynamic processes. This protocol allows quantification of ligand concentrations in the sub-millisecond to ms range, as compared to s-min for traditional approaches. Moreover, the method can be easily integrated into existing patch clamp analysis packages and allow for monitoring of rapid, dynamic chemical processes in a feasible manner.

Abstract: Ligand-ion channel interactions are analyzed via electrophysiological methods having rapid temporal response and high sensitivity, thereby reducing the collection time and enabling monitoring of dynamic processes. This protocol allows quantification of ligand concentrations in the sub-millisecond to ms range, as compared to s-min for traditional approaches. Moreover, the method can be easily integrated into existing patch clamp analysis packages and allow for monitoring of rapid, dynamic chemical processes in a feasible manner.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention provides an apparatus and method for creating operating systems for Virtual Machines. The apparatus and method perform acts including: cloning a guest operating system (OS) that is supported in a first Virtual Machine in order to create a cloned guest OS, and performing maintenance on the cloned guest OS, wherein the cloned guest OS is booted in a second Virtual Machine before performing maintenance on the cloned guest OS, or wherein maintenance is performed on the cloned guest OS and the cloned guest OS is then booted in the second Virtual Machine.