Abstract: Methods for producing lactams from oximes by performing a Beckmann rearrangement using a hierarchical porous aluminophosphate catalyst having interconnected microporous and mesoporous networks are provided. Exemplary catalysts include a plurality of weak Brønsted acid active sites, including silicon-containing aluminophosphates having the IZA framework code AFI, such as SAPO-5, CHA, such as SAPO-34, and FAU, such as SAPO-37.

Abstract: Methods for producing lactams from oximes by performing a Beckmann rearrangement using a hierarchical porous aluminophosphate catalyst having interconnected microporous and mesoporous networks are provided. Exemplary catalysts include a plurality of weak Brønsted acid active sites, including silicon-containing aluminophosphates having the IZA framework code AFI, such as SAPO-5, CHA, such as SAPO-34, and FAU, such as SAPO-37.

Abstract: Methods for converting an alcohol, such as cyclohexanol to a ketone, such as cyclohexanone, include reacting the alcohol in the presence of a catalyst and oxygen to produce the ketone. In one exemplary embodiment, the catalyst comprises a microporous copper chloropyrophosphate framework including a plurality of noble metal nanoparticles. In one exemplary embodiment, the noble metal nanoparticles include at least one metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, and gold.

Abstract: Methods for converting an alcohol, such as cyclohexanol to a ketone, such as cyclohexanone, include reacting the alcohol in the presence of a catalyst and oxygen to produce the ketone. In one exemplary embodiment, the catalyst comprises a microporous copper chloropyrophosphate framework including a plurality of noble metal nanoparticles. In one exemplary embodiment, the noble metal nanoparticles include at least one metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, and gold.

Abstract: Lactamium based ionic liquids are described. They comprise at least one of: the reaction product of a lactam compound having a formula (IV) wherein n is 1, 2 or 4 to 8, and a Brøsted acid HX; or a Brøsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide; where the reaction product is p-toluenesulfonate, halide, or the halometallate; or the reaction product of a lactam compound having a formula (V) wherein the ring has at least C—C one double bond, and n is 1 to 8, and a Brøsted acid HX; or a Brøsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide; or the reaction product of a lactam compound having a formula (VI) wherein n is 1 to 8, m is 1 to 8, and the rings can be saturated or unsaturated; and a Brøsted acid HX; or a Brøsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide.

Abstract: Methods for producing lactams from oximes by performing a Beckmann rearrangement using a silicoaluminophosphate catalyst are provided. These catalysts may be used in gas phase or liquid phase reactions to convert oximes into lactams. High conversion of oxime and high selectivity for the desired lactams are produced using the disclosed methods, including high conversion and selectivity for ?-caprolactam produced from cyclohexanone oxime and high conversion and selectivity for ?-laurolactam produced from cyclododecanone oxime.

Abstract: Methods for converting an alcohol, such as cyclohexanol to a ketone, such as cyclohexanone, include reacting the alcohol in the presence of a catalyst and oxygen to produce the ketone. In one exemplary embodiment, the catalyst comprises a microporous copper chloropyrophosphate framework including a plurality of noble metal nanoparticles. In one exemplary embodiment, the noble metal nanoparticles include at least one metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, and gold.

Abstract: Lactamium based ionic liquids and methods of making them are described. The ionic liquids comprise at least one of: the reaction product of a lactam compound having a general formula wherein the ring has at least one C?C double bond, or and a Brønsted acid HX; or a Brønsted acid HX where X is a halide, and a metal halide.

Abstract: Methods for producing lactams from oximes by performing a Beckmann rearrangement using a silicoaluminophosphate catalyst are provided. These catalysts may be used in gas phase or liquid phase reactions to convert oximes into lactams. High conversion of oxime and high selectivity for the desired lactams are produced using the disclosed methods, including high conversion and selectivity for ?-caprolactam produced from cyclohexanone oxime and high conversion and selectivity for ?-laurolactam produced from cyclododecanone oxime.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods for separating ketones and alcohols. In one embodiment, the methods and compositions disclosed are useful in separating cyclohexanol from cyclohexanone. In one embodiment, cyclohexanone is converted to its corresponding oxime by treating the cyclohexanone with hydroxylamine. The resulting cyclohexanone oxime is then separated from the cyclohexanol, providing streams of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone oxime.

Abstract: Methods for producing lactams from oximes by performing a Beckmann rearrangement using a hierarchical porous aluminophosphate catalyst having interconnected microporous and mesoporous networks are provided. Exemplary catalysts include a plurality of weak Brønsted acid active sites, including silicon-containing aluminophosphates having the IZA framework code AFI, such as SAPO-5, CHA, such as SAPO-34, and FAU, such as SAPO-37.

Abstract: Lactamium based ionic liquids are described. They comprise at least one of: the reaction product of a lactam compound having a formula (IV) wherein n is 1, 2 or 4 to 8, and a Brøsted acid HX; or a Brøsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide; where the reaction product is p-toluenesulfonate, halide, or the halometallate; or the reaction product of a lactam compound having a formula (V) wherein the ring has at least C—C one double bond, and n is 1 to 8, and a Brøsted acid HX; or a Brøsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide; or the reaction product of a lactam compound having a formula (VI) wherein n is 1 to 8, m is 1 to 8, and the rings can be saturated or unsaturated; and a Brøsted acid HX; or a Brøsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide.

Abstract: Lactamium based ionic liquids are described. They comprise at least one of: the reaction product of a lactam compound having a general formula wherein n is 1 to 8, and a Brønsted acid HX; or a Brønsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide; where the reaction product is p-toluenesulfonate, halide, or the halometallate; or the reaction product of a lactam compound having a general formula wherein the ring has at least C—C one double bond, and n is 1 to 8, and a Brønsted acid HX; or a Brønsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide; or the reaction product of a lactam compound having a general formula wherein n is 1 to 8, m is 1 to 8, and the rings can be saturated or unsaturated; and a Brønsted acid HX; or a Brønsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide.

Abstract: Methods for producing lactams from oximes by performing a Beckmann rearrangement using a silicoaluminophosphate catalyst are provided. These catalysts may be used in gas phase or liquid phase reactions to convert oximes into lactams. High conversion of oxime and high selectivity for the desired lactams are produced using the disclosed methods, including high conversion and selectivity for ?-caprolactam produced from cyclohexanone oxime and high conversion and selectivity for ?-laurolactam produced from cyclododecanone oxime.

Abstract: Lactamium based ionic liquids are described. They comprise at least one of: the reaction product of a lactam compound having a general formula wherein n is 1 to 8, and a Brønsted acid HX; or a Brønsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide; where the reaction product is p-toluenesulfonate, halide, or the halometallate; or the reaction product of a lactam compound having a general formula wherein the ring has at least C—C one double bond, and n is 1 to 8, and a Brønsted acid HX; or a Brønsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide; or the reaction product of a lactam compound having a general formula wherein n is 1 to 8, m is 1 to 8, and the rings can be saturated or unsaturated; and a Brønsted acid HX; or a Brønsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide.

Abstract: Lactamium based ionic liquids and methods of making them are described. The ionic liquids comprise at least one of: the reaction product of a lactam compound having a general formula wherein the ring has at least one C—C double bond, or and a Brønsted acid HX; or a Brønsted acid HX where X is a halide, and a metal halide.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for controlling and determining the level of a material in a vessel using one or more temperature sensors are provided.

Abstract: Methods for producing lactams from oximes by performing a Beckmann rearrangement using a silicoaluminophosphate catalyst are provided. These catalysts may be used in gas phase or liquid phase reactions to convert oximes into lactams. High conversion of oxime and high selectivity for the desired lactams are produced using the disclosed methods, including high conversion and selectivity for ?-caprolactam produced from cyclohexanone oxime and high conversion and selectivity for ?-laurolactam produced from cyclododecanone oxime.

Abstract: Methods for producing lactams from oximes by performing a Beckmann rearrangement using a silicoaluminophosphate catalyst are provided. These catalysts may be used in gas phase or liquid phase reactions to convert oximes into lactams. High conversion of oxime and high selectivity for the desired lactams are produced using the disclosed methods, including high conversion and selectivity for ?-caprolactam produced from cyclohexanone oxime and high conversion and selectivity for ?-laurolactam produced from cyclododecanone oxime.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods for separating ketones and alcohols. In one embodiment, the methods and compositions disclosed are useful in separating cyclohexanol from cyclohexanone. In one embodiment, cyclohexanone is converted to its corresponding oxime by treating the cyclohexanone with hydroxylamine. The resulting cyclohexanone oxime is then separated from the cyclohexanol, providing streams of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone oxime.