Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure include tools such as computer systems and methods that can be used by health care providers and others such as patients, pharmacists and payers to determine value optimized prescribed medication fulfillment information such as therapeutically equivalent medications and cost-effective pharmacies or other dispensing facilities for individual users. Outputs from the tools that have this information include prescription and fulfillment information, and can be, for example, in the form of reports and visual displays. In addition to reducing burdensome costs, the tools can reduce patient non-compliance with medication regimens and improve patient outcomes.

Abstract: The present apparatus and method for using the same detects Rapid Eye Movement (REM) in a sleeping mammal and awakens the mammal after the cessation of a specific episode of REM. The system comprises an alarm setting unit for setting a predetermined wakeup time, a data collection unit for collecting physiological data from the mammal over time, a processing unit for determining the occurrence and cessation of REM and for providing a stimulation signal for awakening the mammal within a prescribed window of time before the predetermined wakeup time and after the cessation of REM and after the mammal's nadir in body temperature with respect to time.

Abstract: The present apparatus and method for using the same detects REM in a sleeping mammal and awakens the mammal after the cessation of a specific episode of REM. The system comprises an alarm setting means for setting a predetermined wakeup time, a data collection means for collecting physiological data from the mammal over time, a processing means for determining the occurrence and cessation of REM and means of providing a stimulation signal for awakening the mammal within a prescribed window of time before said predetermined wakeup time and after the cessation of REM and after the mammal's nadir in body temperature with respect to time.