Abstract: A DC arc furnace for steelmaking in which horizontal steel anodes without internal water cooling are used. The front portion of the anodes enters through holes in the walls into the furnace space and the lower level of the anodes reaches the furnace space in a level which is lower than the door threshold. The rear portion of the anodes is disposed in horizontal ducts outside the furnace hood, these ducts being lined with refractory material. The horizontal components of the anodes are connected to vertical steel components for current supply. The cooling of the horizontal and the vertical components is effected outside the furnace hood by means of components for indirect water cooling, these components being arranged in levels higher than the door threshold.

Abstract: Method of and apparatus for treating and refining liquid metal alloys by direct current arc heating. On at least a part of the melt surface there is performed an electrolysis whereby the melt across a layer of liquid slag-electrolyte is connected as an anode or a cathode, and the connection with the other pole--cathode or anode--is effected by means of one or more direct current arcs. Depending upon the desired direction of the electrolysis process, it is possible to change the polarity of the metal melt or the slag-electrolyte. The apparatus for performing the method comprises a vessel equipped with a mechanism for pouring, a movable cover and movable electrodes. The centers of the electrodes are disposed symmetrically one to the other in a vertical plane. As a source of direct current there are used two or more rectifiers operating independently.

Abstract: An apparatus for the automated coating of graphite electrodes comprises a carriage shiftable parallel to the coating apparatus between a station in which the graphite electrode is preheated and a station in which the preheated electrode is positioned opposite the coating station onto which the electrode is then gripped between a pair of contacts and rotated at variable speeds while all of the coating and surfaces treatment tools on a carriage flanking the electrode are brought into play successively by reciprocation of the tool carriage alongside the electrode.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method of operating an apparatus for the refining of a ferrous melt make use of a ladle with a removable cover provided with a porous plug at its bottom through which an inert gas is introduced. A direct current source is connected to an electrode means comprising at least three electrodes in electrical contact with the melt.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for the refining of a ferrous melt makes use of a ladle with a removable cover provided with a porous plug at its bottom through which an inert gas is introduced. A direct current source is connected to a carbon electrode in contact with the melt and at least one electrode above the melt.

Abstract: A method for steelmaking with direct current in which, during melting in an arc furnace, the contact anodes are connected by contact to the iron material, and the electric arc is formed between the latter and the movable cathodes. After the contact anodes attain the slag, the further burning of the electric arc between the molten metal and the movable cathodes is effected so that the working ends of the contact anodes remain immersed in the slag.