Abstract: Disclosed is determining expression levels of protective or harmful markers for bladder cancer prognosis and treatment; particularly, determining the expression levels of protective markers (COL4A3BP, MBNL2, FABP4, NEK1 and SKAP2) and harmful markers (COL4A1, UBE2C, BIRC5, COL18A1, KPNA2, MSN, ACTA2, and CDC25B) and making treatment decisions in consideration of increased or decreased risk of progression based on the marker expression levels.

Abstract: Disclosed is determining expression levels of protective or harmful markers for bladder cancer prognosis; particularly, determining the expression level of COL4A3BP alone or in combination with expression levels of MBNL2, FABP4, and NEK1 or other markers where increased expression levels of these protective markers relative to a control correlates with lack of bladder cancer progression and decreased expression levels correlate with bladder cancer progression or death. Also disclosed particularly is determining the expression level of COL4A1 alone or in combination with expression levels of UBE2C, BIRC5, COL18A1, KPNA2, MSN, ACTA2, and CDC25B or other markers where increased expression levels of these harmful markers relative to a control correlates with bladder cancer progression or death and decreased expression levels correlate with lack of bladder cancer progression. Also disclosed are signatures of protective and harmful markers to predict likelihood of bladder cancer progression or non-progression.

Abstract: The present invention relates, in part, to control nucleic acid molecules having no significant sequence homology to any known nucleic acid, and predefined G/C-content. The present invention further relates to method of using control nucleic acid molecules to validate microarray analyses, compositions comprising control nucleic acid molecules, and kits comprising control nucleic acid molecules.

Abstract: The present invention provides oligonucleotide primers, compositions, methods, and kits for determining the amount of gDNA or the number of cells from which a cell lysate originated. The invention relies on detection and amplification of unique genomic sequences within the genome of an organism of interest to determine the amount of genomic nucleic acid in a sample. The invention can be used to normalize samples from particular cells, cell types, or organism, and provide an accurate basis for comparison of expression of genes across the samples.

Abstract: The present invention provides oligonucleotide primers, compositions, methods, and kits for determining the number of cells from which a cell lysate originated. The invention relies on detection and amplification of unique genomic sequences within the genome of an organism of interest to determine the amount of genomic nucleic acid in a sample. The invention can be used to normalize samples from particular cells, cell types, or organism, and provide an accurate basis for comparison of expression of genes across the samples.

Abstract: The present invention relates, in part, to control nucleic acid molecules having no significant sequence homology to any known nucleic acid, and predefined G/C-content. The present invention further relates to method of using control nucleic acid molecules to validate microarray analyses, compositions comprising control nucleic acid molecules, and kits comprising control nucleic acid molecules.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for measuring intramolecular forces within a sample compound by providing an atomic force microscope that includes a sample support member and a cantilever. The sample support member has a plurality of protrusions, and each protrusion has an apical substrate region that has been chemically modified to have a sample compound immobilized thereon. The cantilever has a fixed end and a free end, the free end having a surface region that has been chemically modified to have a grasping compound immobilized thereon. To measure intramolecular forces within the sample compound, the relative position and orientation of the cantilever and the sample support member are controlled to select a particular protrusion and to allow a molecule of the grasping compound to bind with a molecule of the sample compound.