Abstract: An access system includes a portable pouch and an access unit. The pouch has an inserted electronic card, a card receive module and a send/receive module. The access unit is assigned to a transit region of the zone and has a send/receive unit for a communication with the send/receive module of the pouch. To provide access, the tag is transmitted to the send/receive unit of the access unit when the pouch is within range of the send/receive unit. If the tag received by the send/receive unit matches a stored tag, an unblocking signal for providing access to the zone is generated. A signal detector of the pouch detects an electromagnetic field generated by a send unit arranged in the transit region, and information transmitted by the electromagnetic field is processed. A bidirectional communication between the send/receive unit of the access unit and the send/receive module of the pouch is initiated.

Abstract: To minimise the power consumption when registering an electronic ticket, a bidirectional communication in a higher frequency band is initiated when the electronic ticket has received a wake-up signal in a lower frequency band via a highly sensitive receive module. During entry stamping, a wake-up telegram containing an identity of the detection space is transferred to and stored in the electronic ticket. The wake-up telegram is received in the lower frequency band by another receive module in the electronic ticket.

Abstract: In order further to minimise the power consumption when registering electronic tickets, a method is proposed in which the bidirectional communication in a higher frequency band is initiated when the tickets have received a wake-up signal in a lower frequency band via a further highly sensitive receive module. This so-called space wake-up precedes the entry stamping which takes place in accordance with the prior art. Entry stamping means: transferring and storing a wake-up telegram containing an identity of the detection space, said wake-up telegram being received by a first receive module which is contained in a ticket.

Abstract: When using a magnetic alternating field to prompt portable electronic tickets, such as smart cards, it is important that the prompting is effected reliably and independent of the position thereof. In order to generate an essentially isotropic magnetic alternating field over a set time interval, one embodiment of the invention involves the use of an antenna array comprising two or three frame antennas. A switching unit supplies, in a sequentially alternating manner, a unit of information to each of the frame antennas so that a quasi-isotropic magnetic alternating field, which is considered over the period of time, is radiated by said frame antennas. This results in reliably prompting tickets that are located in the surrounding area of the antenna arrays.

Abstract: Electronic tickets passing through a passage area and arriving in a detection area receive a first information unit including the identity of the detection area, whereby a second transmitter/receiver module located on the ticket is activated. At the beginning of the provision of a service, for instance, after the departure of a train, the tickets receive a second information unit that likewise includes the identity of the detection area, wherein at least the identity of the detection area is then stored as presence information if it matches the identity contained in the first information unit. If necessary, this method step is repeated. When the tickets leave the detection area through the passage area, they receive once again a first information unit and transmit a third information unit containing the stored presence information along with the identity of the ticket to a second transmitter/receiver unit, which registers the presence of the corresponding ticket.

Abstract: When using a magnetic alternating field to prompt portable electronic tickets, such as smart cards, it is important that the prompting is effected reliably and independent of the position thereof. In order to generate an essentially isotropic magnetic alternating field over a set time interval, one embodiment of the invention involves the use of an antenna array comprising two or three frame antennas (1, 2, 3). A switching unit (73) supplies, in a sequentially alternating manner, a unit of information (INF) to each of the frame antennas (1, 2, 3) so that a quasi-isotropic magnetic alternating field, which is considered over the period of time, is radiated by said frame antennas (1, 2, 3). This results in reliably prompting tickets that are located in the surrounding area of the antenna arrays.

Abstract: Antenna system including a first antenna which is connected to a first transmit and/or receive unit and which has a natural frequency of at least approximately the value fm. The system also includes a second antenna which is linked both inductively and mechanically to the first antenna and which has a natural frequency of at least approximately the value fm. The first and second antennae are designed to be linked to another antenna system with at least a third antenna which has a natural frequency of at least approximately the value fm and which is connected to a second transmit and/or receive unit intended for the transmission of data to and/or reception of data from the first transmit and/or receive unit. At least one transmit and/or receive unit, either of the first or the second transmit and/or receive unit, is located at a route point on a public thoroughfare. The other transmit and/or receive unit is located on a vehicle driving on the public thoroughfare.

Abstract: An attenuation network comprises a T or a .pi. network and first and second regulating circuits for controlling it. The T or .pi. network has at least two variable resistances. A switch S1 permits selection of a desired attenuation value which is set through the operation of the second regulating circuit on the T or .pi. network, while the first regulating circuit acts on the T or .pi. network such that its input and output resistances are kept constant.

Abstract: A frequency synthesizing device generates periodic electrical oscillations of a frequency that can be arbitrarily determined, in which, after changing the frequency and resetting it to any desired value that has previously been generated, phase coherence is maintained. In addition to the elements of a direct digital frequency synthesizing device, the arrangement according to the invention has a time measuring unit (ZME) and a control logic (SL). The time measuring unit (ZME) periodically counts through a time interval from t=0 to t=t.sub.z and transmits the count status or a time signal to the computing system (R). The frequencies f.sub.i to be emitted and the time interval from t=0 to t=t.sub.z are chosen in such a manner that the phases of all the frequencies f.sub.i take on a constant value at the time t=0. This makes it possible to compute the coherent starting phase .phi..sub.N, so that the new frequency f.sub.N can be generated, with phase coherence, as of the time t.sub.

Abstract: An expander system for pulse signals with enhanced output power level is disclosed. The expander system, which comprises an expander filter and subsequently connected amplifier means, is provided with a supplementary 180 degree phase modulator connected in front of the expander filter. The phase modulator is switched on and off by a control signal delivered from a control stage in such a manner that, during the duration of a pulse signal, the phase modulator produces at least two phase shifts of approximately 180 degrees.

Abstract: An expander system for pulse signals with enhanced output power level is disclosed. The expander system, which comprises an expander filter and subsequently connected amplifier means, is provided with a supplementary 180 degree phase modulator connected in front of the expander filter. The phase modulator is switched on and off by a control signal delivered from a control stage in such a manner that, during the duration of a pulse signal, the phase modulator produces at least two phase shifts of approximately 180 degrees.