Abstract: This invention relates to degradation of biomass with a peroxide in the presence of a metal catalyst. The process can result in ethanol production from cellulosic biomass, fuel gases, useful chemicals and biochemicals from decomposition products, heat and/or pressure for direct use, and electricity generation.

Abstract: Transdermal delivery compositions and topical compositions for application to the skin are provided. The transdermal delivery composition includes at least two penetrants working synergistically but by disparate biochemical pathways. In one embodiment, the transdermal delivery system includes benzyl alcohol and lecithin organogel. The transdermal delivery compositions are used in a variety of topical compositions as a means of transdermally delivering and topically administering different drugs and agents, including compositions promoting collagen biosynthesis, retinoids and skin lighteners, chemical denervation agents such as BOTOX®, anti-fungal agents, anesthetics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In addition, these topical compositions may be used in combination with non-ablative treatment modalities, such as microdermabrasion, laser-based skin remodeling and radio-frequency-based skin remodeling.

Abstract: A caffeine detector comprises a reaction medium and a reagent impregnated in at least a portion of the reaction medium. The reagent provides the reaction medium with a color which is changed when a liquid containing a threshold amount of caffeine reacts with the reagent.