Abstract: A method of determining a fullness level of an organism's stomach comprises obtaining a specimen from the organism, measuring an amount of one or more analytes in the specimen, and determining the fullness level of the organism's stomach based on the measurement of the amount of the one or more analytes.

Abstract: Carpule systems and methods of making and using the same are disclosed. In one embodiment, a carpule system includes a carpule having a carpule body that defines a first chamber and a second chamber. A divider can be disposed between the first and second chambers for isolating a first material in the first chamber from a second material in the second chamber. The carpule system may also include a carpule mixing device that displaces a portion of the divider for mixing the first and second materials to form a mixture and a carpule syringe that dispenses an amount of the mixture. The amount of the mixture being dispensed is measured via an audible sound and/or a tactile sensation provided by the carpule syringe. Systems and methods herein advantageously obviate the need for mixing powdered material via multiple syringes, reduce waste and cost, and improve the accuracy of administering pharmaceutical compositions.