Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for making a nanoparticle film comprising dispersing nanoparticles in a first liquid; adding a second liquid to the first liquid to form a nanoparticle film on top of a solution comprising the first liquid, the second liquid and the nanoparticles, wherein the second liquid has a dielectric constant that is different from a dielectric constant of the first liquid; and contacting a substrate with the solution to deposit the nanoparticle film onto the contacted portion of the substrate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating x-ray beams are described. In one embodiment, the method includes operating a cathode to operating a cathode to generate an electron beam, directing the electron beam from the cathode through a selectable shaped aperture in an accelerating electrode, and impinging the electron beam at a low angle on an anode surface to form a focal spot on the anode surface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating x-ray beams are described.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for generating x-ray beams are described. In one embodiment, the method includes operating a cathode to generate an electron beam, directing the electron beam from the cathode through an aperture in an accelerating electrode, and impinging the electron beam on an anode surface to form a focal spot on the anode surface.

Abstract: An X-ray tube assembly includes an anode, a cathode, and an X-ray transparent window. The anode includes an X-ray-producing target having a surface. The cathode has an electron-beam axis which intersects the target surface at a focal point and which is oriented at a first angle, with respect to the target surface, wherein the first angle is generally twenty degrees. The window includes a surface having a center point. A line between the focal and center points makes a second angle, with respect to the target surface, wherein the second angle is generally seven degrees. A method for producing X-rays employs these angles.