Abstract: Provided for herein is a method for detecting the presence of a nucleic acid target molecule in a biological sample. In certain aspects, the method comprises contacting a test sample that comprises (i) a biological sample comprising a nucleic acid target molecule and (ii) an osmylated single-stranded oligonucleotide probe comprising at least one pyrimidine residue covalently bonded to a substituted or unsubstituted Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)-2,2?-bypyridine group (OsBp group).

Abstract: Provided for herein is a method for detecting the presence of a nucleic acid target molecule in a biological sample. In certain aspects, the method comprises contacting a test sample that comprises (i) a biological sample comprising a nucleic acid target molecule and (ii) an osmylated single-stranded oligonucleotide probe comprising at least one pyrimidine residue covalently bonded to a substituted or unsubstituted Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)-2,2?-bypyridine group (OsBp group).

Abstract: Provided for herein is a method for detecting the presence of a nucleic acid target molecule in a biological sample. In certain aspects, the method comprises contacting a test sample that comprises (i) a biological sample comprising a nucleic acid target molecule and (ii) an osmylated single-stranded oligonucleotide probe comprising at least one pyrimidine residue covalently bonded to a substituted or unsubstituted Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)-2,2?-bypyridine group (OsBp group).

Abstract: Provided for herein is a method for detecting the presence of a nucleic acid target molecule in a biological sample. In certain aspects, the method comprises contacting a test sample that comprises (i) a biological sample comprising a nucleic acid target molecule and (ii) an osmylated single-stranded oligonucleotide probe comprising at least one pyrimidine residue covalently bonded to a substituted or unsubstituted Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)-2,2?-bypyridine group (OsBp group).

Abstract: Provided for herein is a method for detecting the presence of a nucleic acid target molecule in a biological sample. In certain aspects, the method comprises contacting a test sample that comprises (i) a biological sample comprising a nucleic acid target molecule and (ii) an osmylated single-stranded oligonucleotide probe comprising at least one pyrimidine residue covalently bonded to a substituted or unsubstituted Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)-2,2?-bypyridine group (OsBp group).

Abstract: Materials, methods, and systems for determining the sequence of a target nucleic acid are disclosed and described. Materials can include ssDNA, ssRNA, and dsDNA. Materials are first transformed to partially or fully osmylated single-stranded nucleic acid (osmylated or labeled polymer) after reaction with Osmium tetroxide 2,2?-bipyridine which labels selectively Thymidine over Cytidine, but leaves purines intact. Methods are provided to describe preparation of the osmylated polymers, their purification, and characterization. Labeled polymers are subject to voltage-driven translocation via nanopores of appropriate width so that the polymer can traverse as a single-file. The translocation is monitored and reported as a current vs. time (i-t) profile. The current is stable, but fluctuates during the polymer's translocation in a manner that pinpoints the osmylated bases interspersed among the intact bases.

Abstract: Materials, methods, and systems for determining the position, i.e. the sequence within a double stranded nucleic acid, where a protein is bound are disclosed and described. Materials can include dsDNA, dsRNA, and dsDNA-mimics. Materials are first reacted with Osmium tetroxide 2,2?-bipyridine to partially osmylate the nucleic acid (osmylated or labeled polymer) and monitored by HPLC or CE in order to stop the labeling before it reaches 50%. This preserves the double stranded structure of the nucleic acid and leaves the protein bound to it during the labeling. Labeling occurs randomly at the whole length of the polymer but leaves the region where the protein binds intact. Methods are provided to describe preparation of the osmylated polymers, their purification, and characterization. Labeled polymers may be subject to voltage-driven translocation via nanopores of appropriate width so that the polymer can traverse.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the development of methods that accomplish efficient, non-enzymatic, nucleic acid-directed (e.g. RNA-directed) nucleic acid (e.g. RNA) synthesis. In certain embodiments the methods provide conditions that favor oligouridylate synthesis with excellent yield and, at least, up to 30% regioselectivity favoring the RNA linkage. The methods preferably involve contacting, in the presence of lead ions (Pb2+) and/or tin ions (Sn2+) and, optionally, magnesium ions (Mg2+), a template nucleic acid with a nucleotide derivatized with an imidazolide.