Abstract: Fuel composition and methods of making fuel compositions including 50-90 wt % pyrolysis oil, 0.1-40 wt % water, 1-30 wt % alcohol, and 0.1-4 wt % surfactant, wherein the composition is an emulsion. The pyrolysis oil may be a crude pyrolysis oil and may be produced by pyrolysis of biomass material. The pyrolysis oil and surfactant may form the continuous phase and the water and alcohol may form the dispersed phase of the emulsion. Alternatively, the water and alcohol may form the continuous phase and the pyrolysis oil and surfactant may form the dispersed phase of the emulsion.

Abstract: Biofuel compositions and methods. Biofuel compositions comprised of glycerine, water and one or more alcohols can be prepared and utilized as an alternative or renewable fuel or mixed with other fuels and fuel products. The methods of preparation require simple mixing as the biofuel composition is a solution. The components can be mixed in any sequence. By varying the amount of water and/or alcohol mixed with the glycerine allows for preparation of biofuel compositions having consistent or uniform properties, such as pour point and/or flashpoint even using glycerine from different sources and having different specifications.

Abstract: An emulsified biofuel composition comprising: (A) a continuous phase comprising about 50-95 wt % of at least one liquid oil of vegetable or animal origin or mixtures thereof; (B) a water-containing dispersed phase comprising about 1-50 wt % water; (C) about 1-25 wt % of hydroxyl-containing organic compound selected from the group consisting of mono-, di-, tri- and polyhydric alcohols, provided that when a monohydric alcohol is used there is also present at least one of tert-butyl alcohol, at least one C2-C4 alkylene glycol or a mixture of both; (D) about 0.05-10 wt % of at least one emulsifier; wherein the dispersed water-containing droplets have an average particle size of less than about 20 microns. The biofuel is prepared from these components by mixing under high shear conditions, preferably with ultrasonic energy. The emulsifier(s) preferably exhibit a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of about 8.

Abstract: Process and a plant to extract and concentrate tannins from wood and from other solid natural products containing it characterized in that the solid products are subjected to an extraction (1) by percolation with water and/or steam and the thus obtained tannin solution is subjected to nanofiltration (5).