Abstract: A device for determining the saturation point of a vacuum brake booster having a vacuum chamber and a working chamber that are separated from one another by a membrane. The reaching of the saturation point can be recognized simply and precisely if the vacuum prevailing in the vacuum chamber is measured using a pressure sensor, and the output signal of the pressure sensor is evaluated by an electronic evaluation system that calculates the saturation point using a mathematical function, taking into account only the pressure prevailing in the vacuum chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to ion-exchange materials comprising a hydrophobic support resin having grafted side chains, wherein the side chains have a surfactant-type structure and comprise ion-exchange groups, and the ion-exchange material is obtainable by radical grafting of the side chains using a radical initiator containing at least one peroxide group. By means of the surfactant-type structure and the specific radical initiator, a regiospecific and particularly uniform arrangement of the side chains on the support resin is achieved which in addition enables outstanding and uniform hydration of the ion-exchange groups. This is expressed, in particular, in improved signal asymmetries for bromide and nitrate.

Abstract: A device for determining the saturation point of a vacuum brake booster having a vacuum chamber and a working chamber that are separated from one another by a membrane. The reaching of the saturation point can be recognized simply and precisely if the vacuum prevailing in the vacuum chamber is measured using a pressure sensor, and the output signal of the pressure sensor is evaluated by an electronic evaluation system that calculates the saturation point using a mathematical function, taking into account only the pressure prevailing in the vacuum chamber.

Abstract: Electric motor, as well as a brush mount component (34) for positioning of carbon brushes with respect to a commutator (30) of an electric motor (12), having at least one attachment means (55) for fixing the brush mount component (34) on a printed circuit board (28), with an earth contact plate (70) being mounted on the brush mount component (34) and being designed symmetrically with respect to the arrangement of the carbon brushes (32). A method for production of an electric motor such as this is also described.

Abstract: A method for activating a two-stage switching valve including a first stage which has a small flow cross-section and a second stage which has a larger flow cross section, the switching valve being situated between a main brake cylinder and a hydraulic pump in a hydraulic brake system. The pressure equalization knock on opening the switching valve is substantially reduced by activating the switching valve in a first control phase via a control signal having a low amplitude, due to which only the first stage of the valve is first opened, and by activating the valve in a second phase via a control signal having a higher amplitude.

Abstract: A control for a hydraulic drive or actuator is provided, wherein the actuator has pressurized operating fluid applied thereto, and wherein the operating fluid is directed through an electrically controlled valve for establishing the amount of operating fluid to be fed to the actuator. An electrical signal for controlling the valve is provided by a computing device. In the computing device, a predetermined desired value for the position (or travel), force, or pressure of the actuator or drive is continuously calculated based, at any given time, at least on one measured or simulated state variable indicative of a condition of the drive or actuator at the time of calculation. The calculated desired value determines the amplitude of the electrical signal directed to an electrical actuating device of the valve. The computing speed of the computing device for determining the respective desired value is faster than the actuating velocity or speed of the valve.

Abstract: A process for forming a magnetic recording member composed of a substrate, a magnetic film, and a protective layer. The magnetic film is deposited on the substrate by means of DC or RF sputtering and electron beam vacuum deposition in a partial pressure of inert gas. During the final minutes of the sputter process, oxygen or carbon monoxide is injected into the vacuum chamber to form the protective layer.