Abstract: A method for operating an electrical machine, in particular for making available drive power for a drive train of a motor vehicle, the electrical machine being controlled by several phase currents, the method including sensing an electrical variable that represents the torque delivered by the electrical machine; and monitoring the torque. A degradation of the electrical machine is taken into consideration in the monitoring of the torque.

Abstract: In a method for determining the torque of an internal combustion engine of a motor-vehicle hybrid drive device which further includes a secondary electric motor coupled to the internal combustion engine, the torque of the internal combustion engine is determined at at least one operating point by comparison to the known torque of the secondary motor.

Abstract: A method for controlling a drive train with at least one drive unit, in particular for a vehicle is disclosed. A setpoint value for a torque of the at least one drive unit can be predefined. The actual value of this torque is detected and a first signal is generated which ensures reliable operation of the drive train if the deviation of the actual value from the setpoint value is greater than a predefinable absolute value of the deviation value and/or the deviation of the actual value from the setpoint value lasts for longer than a predefinable absolute value of the deviation time period.

Abstract: In a method for increasing the availability of a hybrid drive having an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, the electric motor is operated as a starter of the internal combustion engine as well as a travel drive unit within the hybrid drive, and at least one operating parameter, corresponding to an operating parameter of the at least one electric motor, is ascertained. An error is identified if the at least one operating parameter value does not correspond to an operating parameter standard state, in which case the operation of the electric motor as the travel drive unit is at least partially limited. Lastly, a driving state-dependent error response is carried out depending on the instantaneous operating state of the hybrid drive.

Abstract: In a method for operating an at least three-phase electric machine used as a drive assembly in a motor vehicle, which is actuated via an inverter, the inverter including switching elements in the form of half bridges which are in each case electrically connected to a respective phase of the electric machine, when a first switching element of a first half bridge connected to a first phase is permanently closed/opened on account of failure, a second switching element of the first half bridge is permanently opened/closed and, in a first angular range of an electrical rotation, which is uninfluenced by the first phase, all switching elements of the additional half bridges are actuated in the usual manner.

Abstract: A method for controlling an electrical machine of a hybrid drive includes: ascertaining at least one operating parameter value of the electrical machine; identifying an error, if the at least one operating parameter value does not correspond to the standard state of an operating parameter; and at least partially restricting the operation of the electrical machine as a propulsion unit if an identified error exists. The electrical machine is operated at least temporarily as a starter when an identified error exists, independently of the operation of the electrical machine as a propulsion unit.

Abstract: In a method for actuating at least one actuator, two control units and a selection logic are provided, and each of the control units is designed to influence the actuator. Each of the control units performs a self-diagnosis, and each of the control units generates at least one activating signal as a function of the self-diagnosis. The activating signal indicates which of the control units is to be activated. The selection logic activates one of the two control units for influencing the actuator as a function of the activating signals.

Abstract: A control unit for a hybrid vehicle is described, having an electric drive, and an internal combustion engine, and a method for operating a control unit, in particular for a hybrid vehicle. The hybrid vehicle has an electric drive, an internal combustion engine, a traction battery, a power electronics system, current consumers, a control unit and an insulation fault detector. The control unit initiates an emergency operating mode when an insulation fault is detected.

Abstract: In a vehicle, e.g., a hybrid vehicle, having an electrical device, which has an inadmissibly high voltage for being touched by a person, a signaling sensor configured to respond in the event of an accident is connected to a warning device for signaling the voltage level.

Abstract: A method for checking functions, to be checked, of a control system, the control system having components to be checked, in particular redundant components, and an evaluation unit which evaluates the operability of the components on the basis of status reports of the components, the method including a component-side check of the functions, to be checked, of the components to be checked, and a system-wide check of at least one, but not all, of the functions checked on the component side.

Abstract: An electrical machine in a motor vehicle is controlled by an inverter, which motor vehicle has an automatically or manually actuatable transmission. The electrical machine generates, in generator mode, electrical energy that is stored in an energy reservoir. In a fault situation, at least one variable characterizing the charge state of the energy reservoir is detected and compared with a predefined lower threshold value, and upon a shortfall below the lower threshold value, the electrical machine is switched into a freewheeling mode by opening the inverter's switching elements. For an automatic transmission, a higher transmission ratio than a present transmission ratio is additionally established; for a manual transmission, the driver is notified by a message that a lower gear needs to be engaged.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the hydrolysis of nitriles of the formulae and respectively of amides of the formulae in which R is in each case hydrogen or C1-20-alkyl, to give the corresponding amides and/or acids and respectively to give the corresponding acids.

Abstract: A method for controlling an electrical machine of a hybrid drive includes: ascertaining at least one operating parameter value of the electrical machine; identifying an error, if the at least one operating parameter value does not correspond to the standard state of an operating parameter; and at least partially restricting the operation of the electrical machine as a propulsion unit if an identified error exists. The electrical machine is operated at least temporarily as a starter when an identified error exists, independently of the operation of the electrical machine as a propulsion unit.

Abstract: A method for controlling a drive train with at least one drive unit, in particular for a vehicle is disclosed. A setpoint value for a torque of the at least one drive unit can be predefined. The actual value of this torque is detected and a first signal is generated which ensures reliable operation of the drive train if the deviation of the actual value from the setpoint value is greater than a predefinable absolute value of the deviation value and/or the deviation of the actual value from the setpoint value lasts for longer than a predefinable absolute value of the deviation time period.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the selective preparation of acetaldehyde, characterized in that acrolein and one or more ammonium salts dissolved in water are reacted continuously under high pressures and at temperatures of 300-400° C.

Abstract: A method for operating an electric vehicle, the electric vehicle having an electric motor and a brake device, and the electric motor and the brake device being capable of being influenced by a control device. When the electric vehicle is at a standstill, when there is an error of the control device, the brake device is actuated so that the electric vehicle cannot move, or at least can move only to a very limited extent.

Abstract: In a method for determining the torque of an internal combustion engine of a motor-vehicle hybrid drive device which further includes a secondary electric motor coupled to the internal combustion engine, the torque of the internal combustion engine is determined at least one operating point by comparison to the known torque of the secondary motor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the selective preparation of acetaldehyde, characterized in that acrolein and one or more ammonium salts dissolved in water are reacted continuously under high pressures and at temperatures of 300-400° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the selective preparation of 3-methylpyridine, characterized in that acrolein and one or more ammonium salt(s) dissolved in water are reacted continuously under high pressures and at temperatures of 200-400° C.

Abstract: A method for operating a shutoff device for a device, in particular an internal combustion engine and/or an electric machine, in which an operating element for initiating a shutoff operation is provided, and in which a transmission path is provided via which a shutoff signal is transmitted from the operating element to the device in order to deactivate the device. The shutoff device is checked for proper functioning at least in part automatically, by automatically transmitting a shutoff signal, in particular from the operating element via the transmission path to the device.