Abstract: Method for determining a starting time of a regeneration process of a particle filter which is connected into the exhaust train of an internal combustion engine, in particular of a diesel engine, wherein the data of an air mass flow rate meter, of an exhaust gas temperature sensor and of a differential pressure sensor are fed to a control unit and the control unit starts the regeneration on the basis of the data by means of the comparison with characteristic diagrams.

Abstract: A method for metering an additive for a regeneration process of a particle filter activated in the exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine, in particular of a diesel engine, the quantity of the additive to be metered in being calculated from the soot production of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An electrode for a high-pressure discharge lamp may include a shaft and a head mounted thereon, wherein at least a section of the head includes ceramic material, wherein the ceramic material is a boride or carbide.

Abstract: A high-voltage pulse generator based on a spiral pulse generator, wherein the spiral pulse generator is implemented as an LTCC component and is wound from at least two ceramic and at least two metal-containing layers, and the high-voltage pulse generator can be introduced into a cylindrical volume V=d2*?*3*d whose length is three times as long as the diameter of the volume, and the volume of the high-voltage pulse generator is greater than one-third of the cylindrical volume. Also disclosed is a high-pressure discharge lamp having a tubular outer piston, wherein the outer piston of the high-pressure discharge lamp has an aforesaid high-voltage pulse generator.

Abstract: A bushing for a high-pressure discharge lamp, which is suitable for connecting an electrode in the interior of a ceramic discharge vessel to a supply lead in a gastight manner on the exterior of the discharge vessel, wherein the bushing is an electrically conductive ceramic composite consisting of a mixture of LaB6 and at least one second material from the group Al2O3, Dy2Al5O12, AlN, AlON and Dy2O3 is disclosed.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a method for operating a high-pressure discharge lamp below its nominal power is provided, wherein the high-pressure discharge lamp is operated at nominal power with an alternating current having a predetermined operating frequency, and the lamp voltage is measured during a half-cycle at least at the start of a half-cycle and at the end of a half-cycle. The method may include: reducing the present operating frequency below an upper limit; and changing the current shape of the alternating current to a monopitch roof-shaped current shape, which is dependent on the difference in the lamp voltages at the end and at the start of the half-cycle.

Abstract: A method for producing a ceramic spiral pulse generator is provided. The method may include providing a film composite comprising at least one ceramic green film and at least one metal layer; winding the film composite to form a spirally wound winding; laminating the winding; and sintering the laminated winding so as to create a spiral pulse generator.

Abstract: An electrode for a high-pressure discharge lamp may include a shaft and a head mounted thereon, wherein at least a section of the head includes ceramic material, wherein the ceramic material is a boride or carbide.

Abstract: High pressure discharge lamp (20) with improved ignitability. A spiral pulse generator (1) that is directly mounted inside the outer piston (12) of the lamp is used for igniting the high pressure discharge lamp.

Abstract: High pressure discharge lamp (20) with improved ignitability. A spiral pulse generator (1) that is directly mounted inside the outer piston (12) of the lamp is used for igniting the high pressure discharge lamp.

Abstract: A spiral pulse generator is used to start the high-pressure discharge lamp, and is accommodated directly in the outer bulb of the lamp. The spiral pulse generator uses a material with a matched ? and ?.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a discharge vessel for a high-pressure discharge lamp may include a plurality of parts from ceramic material, wherein the discharge vessel is made of at least two stacked layers.

Abstract: A high-voltage pulse generator based on a spiral pulse generator, wherein the spiral pulse generator is implemented as an LTCC component and is wound from at least two ceramic and at least two metal-containing layers, and the high-voltage pulse generator can be introduced into a cylindrical volume V=d2*?*3*d whose length is three times as long as the diameter of the volume, and the volume of the high-voltage pulse generator is greater than one-third of the cylindrical volume. Also disclosed is a high-pressure discharge lamp having a tubular outer piston, wherein the outer piston of the high-pressure discharge lamp has an aforesaid high-voltage pulse generator.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a high-pressure discharge lamp that is intended to operate with system voltage. The high-pressure discharge lamp may include a discharge vessel that surrounds a discharge volume, a fill that contains metal halides, mercury and inert gas from the group of neon, argon, krypton and xenon being accommodated in the discharge volume, wherein the fill contains at least one of the halogens of iodine and bromine, a zero current phase in the power supply being bridged by selecting the cold fill pressure of the inert gas in the range of 4 to 8 bar.

Abstract: A high-pressure discharge lamp is provided. The high-pressure discharge lamp may include a discharge vessel; and an ignition device which comprises at least one spiral pulse generator that is configured to generate high-voltage pulses, the ignition device being integrated in the high-pressure discharge lamp; wherein the ignition device comprises a charging resistor which is formed entirely or partially by a PTC thermistor.

Abstract: A coating method for coating a spiral pulse generator with a ferritic layer, wherein the spiral pulse generator is surrounded by a ferritic compound that is cured by heat or UV radiation.

Abstract: A high-pressure discharge lamp may include a discharge vessel; an ignition device which is configured to generate high-voltage pulses in the lamp and contains at least one spiral pulse generator being integrated in the lamp, wherein the charging voltage of the ignition device has the opposite polarity to the open-circuit voltage of an operating apparatus, this charging voltage is likewise provided by the operating apparatus, and the sum of the two voltages is applied to the ignition device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a high-pressure discharge lamp in which an ignition device that generates high-voltage pulses in the lamp is integrated into the lamp. The ignition device is composed at least of a spiral pulse generator and a charging resistor, said charging resistor being made of an LTCC material.

Abstract: A method for producing a ceramic spiral pulse generator is provided. The method may include providing a film composite comprising at least one ceramic green film and at least one metal layer; winding the film composite to form a spirally wound winding; laminating the winding; and sintering the laminated winding so as to create a spiral pulse generator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for aeration, particularly for microbiological fermentation and for cell cultivation in a closed chamber. The invention comprises a sterilizable reactor (1) and a vertical stirring shaft (2) with numerous aeration and/or stirring elements (10) which are attached thereto and arranged in multiple levels vertically. The aeration elements (15) are constructed to create such an aeration of the liquid in the reactor that the gases are evenly introduced into the liquid as micro bubbles. The invention also comprises recoil nozzles (20) connected to gas feed channels (11, 12, 14) for the purpose of driving the aeration and/or stirring elements (10) attached to the rotatably mounted stirring shaft (2). The result is a space-saving and absolutely hermetic construction of such a device.