Abstract: A plunger of a fuel pump is disclosed. The plunger may have a cylindrical base configured for axial movement and rotation within a pump barrel. The plunger may also have a fuel amount controlling end. The fuel amount controlling end may have a recessed surface region. The fuel amount controlling end may also have a sealing surface region. Further, the fuel amount controlling end may have a control interface connecting the recessed surface region with the sealing surface section in a radial direction. The transition from the recessed surface region to the control interface may be curved.

Abstract: A wear resistant insert element is configured to be inserted into a shaft of a baffle body for a plunger operated fuel pump. The baffle body absorbs the energy of a pressure wave generated during pumping operation of the fuel pump. A wear resistant insert element may be made of ceramic and inserted into the baffle body such that an end surface of the baffle body is configured to absorb the energy of a fuel pressure wave and resist wear.

Abstract: An injection nozzle is disclosed. The injection nozzle may have a sealing face providing a sealed connection to the nozzle holder. The injection nozzle may also have a needle guiding bore. The needle guiding bore may have a nozzle holder section extending through the sealing face. The needle guiding bore may further have an injection side section fluidly connected to an outside of the injection nozzle via a plurality of nozzle spray holes. The needle guiding bore may also have a high pressure fuel chamber disposed between the nozzle holder section and the injection side section. The injection nozzle may also have a high pressure supply bore extending through the sealing face and fluidly and connect an opening in the sealing face with the high pressure fuel chamber via an extension.

Abstract: A plunger of a fuel pump is disclosed. The plunger may have a cylindrical base configured for axial movement and rotation within a pump barrel. The plunger may also have a fuel amount controlling end. The fuel amount controlling end may have a recessed surface region. The fuel amount controlling end may also have a sealing surface region. Further, the fuel amount controlling end may have a control interface connecting the recessed surface region with the sealing surface section in a radial direction. The transition from the recessed surface region to the control interface may be curved.

Abstract: An ethanol/castor oil treatment system for preparing an ethanol/castor oil based fuel for use as a fuel of an internal combustion engine includes an ethanol tank, an ethanol pump fluidly connected to the ethanol tank and having an ethanol output, a castor oil tank, a castor oil pump fluidly connected to the castor oil tank and having a castor oil output, and a blended fuel line having an inlet end fluidly connected to the ethanol output and the castor oil output. The ethanol pump and the castor oil pump are at least one of mass controlled and volume controlled pumps such that ethanol and castor oil are pumped to the blended fuel line in at least one of an adjustable mass ratio and volume ratio.

Abstract: A fuel recirculating unit (114) for providing an engine fuel system (121) of an internal combustion engine (100) with pyrolysis oil based fuel may comprise a circulation tank (122), a fuel supply line outlet (2600) for fluidly connecting to an inlet of the engine fuel system (121), a fuel supply line (125A) for fluidly connecting the circulation tank (122) with the fuel suppy line outlet (2600), a fuel return line inlet (2610) for fluidly connecting to an outlet of the engine fuel system (121), a fuel return line (125B) for fluidly connecting the fuel return line inlet (2610) with the circulation tank (122), and at least one of a first release valve unit (126A) positioned downstream of the fuel return line inlet (2610), a second release valve unit (126A) positioned upstream of the circulation tank (122) in the fuel return line (125B), and a supply valve unit (2417) positioned upstream of the fuel supply line outlet (2600).

Abstract: An ethanol-based fuel is disclosed that includes 40 to 90% by volume ethanol and 60 to 10% by volume castor oil. The fuel may also include one or more additives in a total amount of up to 10 wt. % of the total weight of the ethanol and castor oil. The ethanol-based fuel may be used for operating an internal combustion engine, and may be used as a switch-over fuel, in between using different fuels that are incompatible with each other.

Abstract: A method for operating a self ignition internal combustion engine (ICE) with a low cetane fuel such as alternative fuels, for example pyrolysis oil, as well as an ICE are disclosed. To reach self ignition conditions one may provide the internal combustion engine to have a compression ratio of at least 17:1, for example, 18:1 (step 100). Moreover, one may load a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine with charge air having a minimal temperature in the range of 340 degrees K to 360 degrees K (step 200) and inject the low cetane fuel at an injection angle of a piston of the internal combustion engine within the range of 20° to 10°, for example between 17.5° to 11° before top dead center into the charge air (step 300), thereby forming a low cetane fuel-charge air mixture. Compressing the low cetane fuel-charge air mixture further during the combustion cycle may result in a compression end temperature of at least 1000 K, allowing self ignition of the low cetane fuel.

Abstract: A power plant may include a power house, a tank farm, and a fuel treatment building. The power house may include an internal combustion engine adapted to be operated with pyrolysis oil based fuels. The power house may further include a conditioning and circulating system with a conditioning unit and a fuel recirculating unit, forming a fuel recirculating cycle together with an engine fuel system. The tank farm may include tanks for pyrolysis oil based fuels, a switching fuel or its components, and crude oil based fuels. The power plant may also include a first switching unit and a second switching unit to release fuel mixes from the fuel recirculating cycle. The power plant may allow switching fuels while continuously operating the internal combustion engine with various fuels.

Abstract: A plunger for axial movement and rotation within a pump barrel of a fuel pump comprises a substantially cylindrically shaped plunger shaft made of a ceramic material, and at least one control element for controlling a rotational angle of the plunger. The at least one control element is attached to the plunger shaft.