Abstract: A method of treating reduced pulmonary function by administering an effective dose of a Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) agonist, particularly obeticholic acid, is disclosed. Also disclosed is an in vivo animal model of lung injury and altered functioning, useful for identifying compounds active in restoring pulmonary function.

Abstract: A cardiovascular health assessment score, representing a working tissue flow and indicating the dependence on central and peripheral control mechanisms, is generated by an evaluation system and used to support a variety of individualized medicine and health applications. One or more of the individualized medicine and health applications may be implemented as part of the evaluation system and incorporate the cardiovascular health assessment.

Abstract: A cardiovascular health assessment score, representing a working tissue flow and indicating the dependence on central and peripheral control mechanisms, is generated by the evaluation system and used to support a variety of individualized medicine and health applications. One or more of the individualized medicine and health applications may be implemented as part of the evaluation system and incorporate the cardiovascular health assessment.

Abstract: A device for detecting a biomarker for inflammation in a respiratory system includes a sample collection and/or holding area to receive an exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sample obtained from a respiratory system; an electrode system coupled to the sample collection area, the electrode system including reduced graphene oxide (rGO); and circuitry coupled to the electrode system. The circuitry is configured to apply a voltage to the EBC sample in the sample collection area via the electrode system and to measure a current via the electrode system in response to the voltage applied, in order to determine a concentration of nitrite in the EBC sample based on the current measured. The concentration of nitrite is a biomarker for inflammation in the respiratory system.

Abstract: A cardiovascular health assessment score, representing a working tissue flow and indicating the dependence on central and peripheral control mechanisms, is generated by the evaluation system and used to support a variety of individualized medicine and health applications. One or more of the individualized medicine and health applications may be implemented as part of the evaluation system and incorporate the cardiovascular health assessment.

Abstract: A device for detecting a biomarker for inflammation in a respiratory system includes a sample collection and/or holding area to receive an exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sample obtained from a respiratory system; an electrode system coupled to the sample collection area, the electrode system including reduced graphene oxide (rGO); and circuitry coupled to the electrode system. The circuitry is configured to apply a voltage to the EBC sample in the sample collection area via the electrode system and to measure a current via the electrode system in response to the voltage applied, in order to determine a concentration of nitrite in the EBC sample based on the current measured. The concentration of nitrite is a biomarker for inflammation in the respiratory system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of treatment of pulmonary disorders associated with hypoxemia and/or smooth muscle constriction and/or inflammation; treatment of cardiac and blood disorders; treatment of patient in need of improved oxygenation, blood flow of and/or thinning of blood and method of screening drugs that increase level of nitrosoglutathione in airway lining fluid.

Abstract: Peptides and methods of use thereof are provided.

Abstract: NO preferentially binds to the minor population of the hemoglobin's vacant hemes in a cooperative manner, nitrosylates hemoglobin thiols, or reacts with liberated superoxide in solution. The distribution of minor forms of hemoglobin can be tested and the results can be used to predict whether a composition of hemoglobin will scavenge, load, eliminate, or donate NO. Hemoglobin thus serves to regulate the chemistry of NO. SNO-hemoglobin transfers NO equivalents to the red blood cell anion transport protein AE1, which serves to export NO from red blood cells. Regulation of AE1 function is the basis for methods of therapy to affect levels of NO or its biological equivalent.

Abstract: Nitrosylhemoglobin can be produced by introducing gaseous NO into an aqueous solution of hemoglobin. It has been demonstrated that nitrosylhemoglobin in aqueous solution can be converted to SNO-hemoglobin upon introduction of oxygen to the solution, as is postulated to occur in the lungs. Nitrosylhemoglobin can be used in methods to produce the physiological effects of NO, for example, to reduce vasoconstriction and to inhibit platelet aggregation.

Abstract: Treatment of pulmonary disorders associated with hypoxemia and/or smooth muscle constriction and/or inflammation comprises administering into the lungs as a gas compound with an NO group which does not form NO2/NOx in the presence of oxygen or reactive oxygen species at body temperature. Treatment of cardiac and blood disorders, e.g., angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension, sickle cell disease and clotting disorders, comprises administering into the lungs as a gas, a compound which reacts with cysteine in hemoglobin and/or dissolves in blood and has an NO group which is bound in said compound so that it does not form NO2/NOx in the presence of oxygen or reactive oxygen species at body temperature. Exemplary of the compound administered in each case is ethyl nitrite.

Abstract: Diseases which can be ameliorated by delivery of NO to tissues affected by the disease can be treated by administration of nitrosyl-heme-containing donors of NO, including nitrosylhemoglobin. Nitrosylhemoglobin can be made by the reaction of NO with hemoglobin under certain conditions in which the NO:hemoglobin ratio is critical, and is converted to SNO-Hb under physiological conditions.

Abstract: Nitrosylhemoglobin can be produced by introducing gaseous NO into an aqueous solution of hemoglobin. It has been demonstrated that nitrosylhemoglobin in aqueous solution can be converted to SNO-hemoglobin upon introduction of oxygen to the solution, as is postulated to occur in the lungs. Nitrosylhemoglobin can be used in methods to produce the physiological effects of NO, for example, to reduce vasoconstriction and to inhibit platelet aggregation.

Abstract: Nitrosylhemoglobin can be produced by introducing gaseous NO into an aqueous solution of hemoglobin. It has been demonstrated that nitrosylhemoglobin in aqueous solution can be converted to SNO-hemoglobin upon introduction of oxygen to the solution, as is postulated to occur in the lungs. Nitrosylhemoglobin can be used in methods to produce the physiological effects of NO, for example, to reduce vasoconstriction and to inhibit platelet aggregation.

Abstract: NO preferentially binds to the minor population of the hemoglobin's vacant hemes in a cooperative manner, nitrosylates hemoglobin thiols, or reacts with liberated superoxide in solution. The distribution of minor forms of hemoglobin can be tested and the results can be used to predict whether a composition of hemoglobin will scavenge, load, eliminate, or donate NO. Hemoglobin thus serves to regulate the chemistry of NO. SNO-hemoglobin transfers NO equivalents to the red blood cell anion transport protein AE1, which serves to export NO from red blood cells. Regulation of AE1 function is the basis for methods of therapy to affect levels of NO or its biological equivalent.

Abstract: S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb) can be formed by reaction of Hb with S-nitrosothiol and by other methods described herein which do not result in oxidation of the heme Fe. Other methods can be used which are not specific only for thiol groups, but which nitrosate Hb more extensively, and may produce polynitrosated metHb as a product or intermediate product of the method. SNO-Hb in its various forms and combinations thereof (oxy, deoxy, met; specifically S-nitrosylated, or nitrosated or nitrated to various extents) can be administered to an animal or human where it is desired to oxygenate, to scavenge free radicals, or to release NO+ groups to tissues. Thiols and/or NO donating agents can also be administered to enhance the transfer of NO+ groups. Examples of conditions to be treated by SNO-Hbs or other nitrosated or nitrated forms of Hb include ischemic injury, hypertension, angina, reperfusion injury and inflammation, and disorders characterized by thrombosis.

Abstract: Treatment of pulmonary disorders associated with hypoxemia and/or smooth muscle constriction comprises administering into the lungs as a gas a compound with an NO group which does not form NO2/NOx in the presence of oxygen or reactive oxygen species at body temperature. Treatment of cardiac and blood disorders, e.g., angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension, sickle cell disease and clotting disorders, comprises administering into the lungs as a gas, a compound which reacts with cysteine in hemoglobin and/or dissolves in blood and has an NO group which is bound in said compound so that it does not form NO2/NOx in the presence of oxygen or reactive oxygen species at body temperature. Exemplary of the compound administered in each case is ethyl nitrite.