Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting one or more target molecules includes a hydrophobic substrate, and a sensor. The sensor includes two or more electrodes disposed on the hydrophobic substrate and separated from one another by a gap, a plurality of nanostructures formed on or within an upper surface of each electrode, a plurality of binding molecules attached to the plurality of nanostructures, wherein the plurality of binding molecules are configured to bind with the one or more target molecules, and wherein the upper surface of each electrode and the plurality of nanostructures are hydrophilic, and may further detect two or more analytes with two or more sensors that detect two or more different modalities, such as, electrical, optical fluorescence, optical resonance, magnetic detection, or acoustic waves.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting one or more target molecules includes a hydrophobic substrate, and a sensor. The sensor includes two or more electrodes disposed on the hydrophobic substrate and separated from one another by a gap, a plurality of nanostructures formed on or within an upper surface of each electrode, a plurality of binding molecules attached to the plurality of nanostructures, wherein the plurality of binding molecules are configured to bind with the one or more target molecules, and wherein the upper surface of each electrode and the plurality of nanostructures are hydrophilic, and may further detect two or more analytes with two or more sensors that detect two or more different modalities, such as, electrical, optical fluorescence, optical resonance, magnetic detection, or acoustic waves.