Abstract: An aqueous composition for removing oral malodor caused by volatile gaseous compounds present in the oral cavity is disclosed herein. The aqueous oral composition comprises one or more of metals selected from the group consisting of Silver, Gold, Zinc, Aluminum, Magnesium and Tin, wherein the metals are present as a stable aqueous nanoparticulate dispersion or a colloid, having an average metal particle size of 1-1000 nm. at a concentration between 1 to 100 ppm. The aqueous oral composition may also include metal particles that may be partially oxidized, by reaction with oxygen including that from air during manufacture or storage. The aqueous oral composition may also include a mucoadhesive polymer selected from a group of water-soluble polymers having an affinity to keratin. The aqueous oral composition may be a synergistic mixture of two or more metal nanoparticulate colloids.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for producing fibrous materials in which the apparatus includes an extrusion element configured to electrospin a substance from which the fibers are to be composed by an electric field extraction of the substance from a tip of the extrusion element, a collector disposed from the extrusion element and configured to collect the fibers, a chamber enclosing the collector and the extrusion element, and a control mechanism configured to control a gaseous environment in which the fibers are to be electrospun. The method includes providing a substance from which the fibers are to be composed to a tip of an extrusion element, applying an electric field to the extrusion element in a direction of the tip, controlling a gaseous environment about where the fibers are to be electrospun, and electrospinning the substance from the tip of the extrusion element by an electric field extraction of the substance from the tip into the controlled gaseous environment.

Abstract: An apparatus and method in which the apparatus includes a first electrospinning device configured to electrospin first fibers of a first substance, a second electrospinning device configured to electrospin second fibers of a second substance such that first and second fibers combine in a mat formation region, and a biasing device configured to bias the first electrospinning device with a first electric polarity and to bias the second electrospinning device with a second electric polarity of opposite polarity to the first electric polarity to promote attraction and coalescence between the first and second fibers. The method electrospins under the first electric polarity first fibers from the first substance, electrospins under the second electric polarity fibers from the second substance, and coalesces the first and second fibers to form the fiber mat.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for electrospinning fibers in which the apparatus includes a spray head having a longitudinal axis and including at least one electrospinning element disposed in a peripheral wall of the spray head surrounding the longitudinal axis. The electrospinning element includes a passage by which a substance from which the fibers are to be electrospun is provided to a tip of the electrospinning element. The electrospinning element extends from the peripheral wall in a direction from the longitudinal axis and is configured to electrospin the fibers by electric field extraction of the substance from the tip of the electrospinning element.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for producing fibrous materials in which the apparatus includes an extrusion element configured to electrospin a substance from which the fibers are to be composed by an electric field extraction of the substance from a tip of the extrusion element, a collector disposed from the extrusion element and configured to collect the fibers, a chamber enclosing the collector and the extrusion element, and a control mechanism configured to control a gaseous environment in which the fibers are to be electrospun. The method includes providing a substance from which the fibers are to be composed to a tip of an extrusion element, applying an electric field to the extrusion element in a direction of the tip, controlling a gaseous environment about where the fibers are to be electrospun, and electrospinning the substance from the tip of the extrusion element by an electric field extraction of the substance from the tip into the controlled gaseous environment.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for producing fibrous materials in which the apparatus includes an enclosure having an inlet configured to receive a substance from which the fibrous materials are to be composed, a common electrode disposed in the enclosure, and plural extrusion elements provided in a wall of the enclosure opposite the common electrode so as to define between the plural extrusion elements and the common electrode a space in communication with the inlet to receive the substance in the space. In the method, a substance from which the fibrous materials are to be composed is fed to the enclosure having the plural extrusion elements, a common electric field is applied to the extrusion elements in a direction in which the substance is to be extruded, the substance is extruded through the extrusion elements to tips of the extrusion elements, and the substance is electrosprayed from the tips to form the fibrous materials.