Abstract: A vacuum flat panel display including: a plurality of electrically addressable pixels; a plurality of thin-film transistor driver circuits each being electrically coupled to an associated at least one of the pixels, respectively; a passivating layer on the thin-film transistor driver circuits and at least partially around the pixels; a conductive frame on the passivating layer, said frame and pixel area coated with an insulator; and, a plurality of cathode emitters are deposited on the coated frame while phosphor is deposited on the coated pixel; wherein, exciting the cathode emitters and addressing one of the pixels using the associated driver circuit causes the emitted electrons to induce one of the pixels to emit light. By introducing a noble gas or mixture, and a ML layer having a DC, AC or pulsed voltage applied thereto, one creates a plasma to form a sheath boundary at the insulator causing electron multiplication and increased illumination.

Abstract: A vacuum flat panel display has a plurality of associated pixels each having a phosphor and nanotubes and a surrounding control frame. When a pixel voltage is negative relative to the frame then a plurality of electrons emitted by the nanotubes are attracted to the frame whereby electrons strike gas atoms in transit to the frame and produce ions and additional electrons; wherein said ions returning to the pixel result in phosphor illumination. The invention is also a process for illuminating a phosphor in a flat panel display comprising: a plurality of associated pixels each having a phosphor and nanotubes; applying a pixel voltage negative relative to a frame; attracting to the frame a plurality of electrons emitted by the nanotubes; whereby electrons strike atoms of a gas in transit to the frame producing ions resulting in phosphor illumination.

Abstract: A vacuum flat panel display including: a plurality of electrically addressable pixels; a plurality of thin-film transistor driver circuits each being electrically coupled to an associated at least one of the pixels, respectively; a passivating layer on the thin-film transistor driver circuits and at least partially around the pixels; a conductive frame on the passivating layer, said frame and pixel area coated with an insulator; and, a plurality of cathode emitters are deposited on the coated frame while phosphor is deposited on the coated pixel; wherein, exciting the cathode emitters and addressing one of the pixels using the associated driver circuit causes the emitted electrons to induce one of the pixels to emit light. By introducing a noble gas or mixture, and a ML layer having a DC, AC or pulsed voltage applied thereto, one creates a plasma to form a sheath boundary at the insulator causing electron multiplication and increased illumination.

Abstract: A field emission display comprises an anode comprising a matrix of pixels and a cathode comprising an insulating layer defining a plurality of wells having a conductor therein. A first conductive layer forms a plurality of conductive pads, each of the conductive pads corresponding to one of the wells. A plurality of nanostructures are electrically coupled to the conductive pads. A second conductive layer is formed over the insulating layer and provides a plurality of gate electrodes. When a potential between the conductive pads and gate electrodes exceeds a threshold voltage, the nanostructures emit electrons that impinge on the pixels.

Abstract: This invention provides a process and apparatus for gasifying a particulate solid carbonaceous fuel with a high moisture content, the process comprising: introducing the fuel into one or more pressurized drying vessels without adding water to the fuel; reducing the moisture content of the fuel in the drying vessel(s) to a level suitable for gasification by passing hot product gas through the or each drying vessel such that the fuel particles are entrained in the gas flow, thereby cooling and humidifying the gas; separating the cooled and humidified gas from the fuel; transferring the fuel with reduced moisture content from the or each drying vessel to a gasification vessel, gasifying the fuel in the gasification vessel to produce hot product gas; and introducing at least a portion of the hot product gas into the or each drying vessel. The invention also relates to an integrated process for producing power, especially electric power, from particulate solid carbanaceous fuel.