Abstract: A corn-to-ethanol production process is disclosed. The process includes the steps of dry-milling corn kernels to form a corn flour; combining the corn flour with water to form a mash; extracting corn oil from the mash; fermenting the mash thereby producing beer and carbon dioxide; distilling the beer to produce ethanol and whole stillage; and processing the whole stillage to produce wet distiller's grains with solubles (WDGS) and/or dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS). The step of extracting corn oil from the mash includes the sub steps of: optionally wet-milling the mash; separating the mash to produce a light phase and a heavy phase; adding an alkanesulfonic acid to the light phase; extracting corn oil from the light phase; and combining the light phase having the corn oil extracted therefrom with the heavy phase to reform the mash.

Abstract: A dry-milling ethanol process includes the steps of: dry-milling corn kernels to form a corn flour; combining the corn flour with water to form a mash; fermenting the mash thereby producing beer and carbon dioxide; adding an alkanesulfonic acid to the beer in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH to a range of from about 3 to about 5; distilling the beer to produce ethanol and whole stillage; and processing the whole stillage to produce wet distiller's grains with solubles and/or dried distiller's grains with solubles.

Abstract: A dry-milling process for the production of dried distiller's grains with solubles (“DDGS”) includes the steps of dry-milling corn kernels to form a corn flour comprising corn fiber; combining the corn flour with water to form a mash; separating the corn fiber from the mash; treating the separated corn fiber with a composition; combining the treated corn fiber with the mash having the corn fiber separated therefrom to form a slurry; fermenting the slurry to produce beer and carbon dioxide; distilling the beer to produce ethanol and whole stillage; and processing the whole stillage to produce DDGS. The composition includes an alkanesulfonic acid, water, an enzyme, and optionally a surfactant.

Abstract: A dry-milling ethanol process comprises the steps of: dry-milling corn kernels to form a corn flour; combining the corn flour with water to form a mash; fermenting the mash thereby producing beer and carbon dioxide; adding an alkanesulfonic acid to the beer in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH to a range of from about 3 to about 5; distilling the beer to produce ethanol and whole stillage; and processing the whole stillage to produce wet distiller's grains with solubles and/or dried distiller's grains with solubles.

Abstract: A corn-to-ethanol production process is disclosed. The process includes the steps of dry-milling corn kernels to form a corn flour; combining the corn flour with water to form a mash; extracting corn oil from the mash; fermenting the mash thereby producing beer and carbon dioxide; distilling the beer to produce ethanol and whole stillage; and processing the whole stillage to produce wet distiller's grains with solubles (WDGS) and/or dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS). The step of extracting corn oil from the mash includes the sub steps of: optionally wet-milling the mash; separating the mash to produce a light phase and a heavy phase; adding an alkanesulfonic acid to the light phase; extracting corn oil from the light phase; and combining the light phase having the corn oil extracted therefrom with the heavy phase to reform the mash.

Abstract: A dry-milling process for the production of dried distiller's grains with solubles (“DDGS”) includes the steps of dry-milling corn kernels to form a corn flour comprising corn fiber; combining the corn flour with water to form a mash; separating the corn fiber from the mash; treating the separated corn fiber with a composition; combining the treated corn fiber with the mash having the corn fiber separated therefrom to form a slurry; fermenting the slurry to produce beer and carbon dioxide; distilling the beer to produce ethanol and whole stillage; and processing the whole stillage to produce DDGS. The composition includes an alkanesulfonic acid, water, an enzyme, and optionally a surfactant.

Abstract: A dual source mass spectrometer system (10) is operable in a first mode with an LC source [LC/MS] (12) and in a second mode with a GC source [GC/MS] (18). The GC source inputs into an ion source chamber (22) for delivering the ionized output from the GC source to the mass spectrometer. The GC source comprises a GC interface probe (30) which is retractably connected to the ion source chamber to take the GC interface probe from a retracted position in which it is disengaged from the mass spectrometer (whereby the system is operable in the first LC/MS mode) into a deployed position in which the GC interface probe is operatively connected to the ion source chamber of the mass spectrometer(whereby the system is operable in said second GC/MS mode).

Abstract: In or for a dual source mass spectrometry system (10), an ion source housing (16) for detachable connection to a mass spectrometer of the system. The ion source housing comprises a source chamber (22) having an outlet port for connection to a vacuum region of a mass spectrometer, a sample port for receiving a gas chromatography [GC] column and means for charging analyte molecules discharged from said GC column, wherein the housing comprises a docking means by which a GC interface probe can be releasably engaged with the housing.

Abstract: In or for a dual source mass spectrometer system (10) operable in a first mode with an LC source [LC/MS] (12) and in a second mode with a GC source [GC/MS] (18). The GC source input into an ion source chamber (22) for delivering the ionized output from the GC source to the mass spectrometer, a GC source unit (18) comprising a GC interface probe (30). The GC source unit is retractably mounted to take the GC interface probe from a retracted position in which it is disengaged from the mass spectrometer of the system, (whereby the system is operable in said first LC/MS mode) into a deployed position in which the GC interface probe is operatively connected to the ion source chamber of the mass spectrometer (whereby the system is operable in said second GC/MS mode). The GC interface probe has docking means (42, 46, 48) for releasable engagement with complementary docking means provided by a housing of the ion source chamber to allow operation with a GC ion source chamber in the second mode.

Abstract: A dual source mass spectrometer system (10) is operable in a first mode with an LC source [LC/MS] (12) and in a second mode with a GC source [GC/MS] (18). The GC source inputs into an ion source chamber (22) for delivering the ionized output from the GC source to the mass spectrometer. The GC source comprises a GC interface probe (30) which is retractably connected to the ion source chamber to take the GC interface probe from a retracted position in which it is disengaged from the mass spectrometer (whereby the system is operable in the first LC/MS mode) into a deployed position in which the GC interface probe is operatively connected to the ion source chamber of the mass spectrometer (whereby the system is operable in said second GC/MS mode).

Abstract: A dual source mass spectrometer system (10) is operable in a first mode with an LC source [LC/MS] (12) and in a second mode with a GC source [GC/MS] (18). The GC source inputs into an ion source chamber (22) for delivering the ionized output from the GC source to the mass spectrometer. The GC source comprises a GC interface probe (30) which is retractably connected to the ion source chamber to take the GC interface probe from a retracted position in which it is disengaged from the mass spectrometer (whereby the system is operable in the first LC/MS mode) into a deployed position in which the GC interface probe is operatively connected to the ion source chamber of the mass spectrometer (whereby the system is operable in said second GC/MS mode).

Abstract: In or for a dual source mass spectrometer system (10) operable in a first mode with an LC source [LC/MS] (12) and in a second mode with a GC source [GC/MS] (18). The GC source input into an ion source chamber (22) for delivering the ionized output from the GC source to the mass spectrometer, a GC source unit (18) comprising a GC interface probe (30). The GC source unit is retractably mounted to take the GC interface probe from a retracted position in which it is disengaged from the mass spectrometer of the system, (whereby the system is operable in said first LC/MS mode) into a deployed position in which the GC interface probe is operatively connected to the ion source chamber of the mass spectrometer (whereby the system is operable in said second GC/MS mode). The GC interface probe has docking means (42, 46, 48) for releasable engagement with complementary docking means provided by a housing of the ion source chamber to allow operation with a GC ion source chamber in the second mode.

Abstract: In or for a dual source mass spectrometry system (10), an ion source housing (16) for detachable connection to a mass spectrometer of the system. The ion source housing comprises a source chamber (22) having an outlet port for connection to a vacuum region of a mass spectrometer, a sample port for receiving a gas chromatography [GC] column and means for charging analyte molecules discharged from said GC column, wherein the housing comprises a docking means by which a GC interface probe can be releasably engaged with the housing.

Abstract: The invention relates to gain calibration in a transceiver unit (100) having a transmitter unit and a receiver unit and a feed back coupling (165) between these. A signal level measurement unit (163) measures signal levels of a feedback signal through either the receiver unit or through a signal level detector (167). A reference signal level of the feedback signal is set by adjusting the transmitter until the signal level measurement unit (163) measures a predefined value when connected through the signal level detector (167). An absolute value of the transmitter gain is then calibrated. The signal level measurement unit (163) is connected through the receiver unit and the absolute gain of the receiver is calibrated. A gain is changed either in the receiver or the transmitter unit. The relative signal level change of the feedback signal is measured and used to calibrate the gain step.

Abstract: The invention relates to gain calibration in a transceiver unit (100) having a transmitter unit and a receiver unit and a feed back coupling (165) between these. A signal level measurement unit (163) measures signal levels of a feedback signal through either the receiver unit or through a signal level detector (167). A reference signal level of the feedback signal is set by adjusting the transmitter until the signal level measurement unit (163) measures a predefined value when connected through the signal level detector (167). An absolute value of the transmitter gain is then calibrated. The signal level measurement unit (163) is connected through the receiver unit and the absolute gain of the receiver is calibrated. A gain is changed either in the receiver or the transmitter unit. The relative signal level change of the feedback signal is measured and used to calibrate the gain step.

Abstract: A synchronous demodulator (10) drives an output antenna (21) with a push-pull driver circuit (13). The push-pull driver circuit (13) includes two transistors connected in a push-pull configuration driving a center-tapped transformer (17). The transformer (17) couples the push-pull driver circuit (13) to an antenna (21). Received signals are demodulated in the output driver circuit (13).

Abstract: A bipolar differential amplifier having first and second transistors (Q1, Q2) and a large third transistor (Q3) sharing a common emitter resistor (Rt), and DC biasing for biasing the bases of the first, second and third transistors, whereby the first and second transistors have a DC operating current whose value I is related to the common resistor value Rt and the thermal voltage Vt by the expression Rt=Vt/2I. In this way the gain of the differential amplifier remains substantially constant over a wide range of the input signal. This produces advantages of: a wide range of linear operation, a relative low bias current may be used, and lack of noise at the central operating point introduced by the large third transistor and the emitter resistor.

Abstract: A bipolar differential amplifier having first and second transistors (Q1, Q2) and a large third transistor (Q3) sharing a common load resistor (Rt), and DC biasing for biasing the bases of the first, second and third transistors, whereby the first and second transistors have a DC operating current whose value I is related to the common resistor value Rt and the thermal voltage Vt by the expression Rt=Vt/2I. In this way the gain of the differential amplifier remains substantially constant over a wide range of the input signal.

Abstract: The use of KIAA0551 polypeptides and polynucleotides in the design of protocols for the treatment of neuropathies, neuropathic pain, inflammatory and chronic pain, neurodegenerative conditions such as Motor Neuron Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease and other dementias, as well as ischaemic damage in neuronal and cardiac tissues, through disease or infectious agents, among others, and diagnostic assays for such conditions. Also disclosed are methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques.

Abstract: The use of KIAA0551 polypeptides and polynucleotides in the design of protocols for the treatment of neuropathies, neuropathic pain, inflammatory and chronic pain, neurodegenerative conditions such as Motor Neuron Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease and other dementias, as well as ischaemic damage in neuronal and cardiac tissues, through disease or infectious agents, among others, and diagnostic assays for such conditions. Also disclosed are methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques.