Abstract: An electrode includes a substrate having a carbon nanostructure (CNS) disposed thereon and a coating including an active material conformally disposed about the carbon nanostructure and the substrate. The electrode is used in a hybrid capacitor-battery having a bifunctional electrolyte capable of energy storage.

Abstract: A system includes a reusable substrate upon which a carbon nanostructure is formed as a carbon nanostructure-laden reusable substrate, a first conveyor system adapted to continuously convey the reusuable substrate through a carbon nanotube catalyst application station and carbon nanostructure growth station, and a second conveyor system adapted to create an interface between a second substrate and the carbon nanostructure-laden reusuable substrate, the interface facilitating transfer of a carbon nanostructure from the carbon nanostructure-laden reusuable substrate to the second substrate. A method includes growing a carbon nanostructure on a reusable substrate, the carbon nanostructure includes a carbon nanotube polymer having a structural morphology comprising interdigitation, branching, crosslinking, and shared walls and transferring the carbon nanostructure to a second substrate to provide a carbon nanostructure-laden second substrate.