Abstract: An apparatus for determining the boiling temperature of a brake fluid to in turn determine the water content therein includes an electrically heatable sensor element (13) immersed into the fluid under test, a power source (12) supplying a current of a constant amplitude, and a measuring system (15) for measuring the voltage drop on the sensor element (13). A stable cellular convection heat transfer mechanism into the surrounding fluid arises, with the voltage drop across the sensor element (13) being indicative of the boiling point of the fluid. The sensor element is in the form of a linear conductor (13', 20, 21) clamped on either end. The sensor element also may comprise a plurality of linear conductors (13', 20, 21) of this type connected in parallel or in series.

Abstract: The apparatus for producing mechanical stimulations by vibration of a tappet which is put on a human's skin comprises a measuring head, which on one hand has a housing, in which the back and forward moving tappet is arranged and on the other hand an actuating unit for this tappet. An acceleration sensor is attached to the tappet.

Abstract: A stimulation device for the determination of the temperature perception of the skin of a patient by means of a stimulator, which is arranged in a casing and which can be heated up or cooled down by a Peltier element. The stimulator (1) is arranged moveably along an axis (5) in the casing (4) and shows a projection (14) in relation to the casing (4) in the starting position. A first pressure device (6) cooperates with said stimulator (1) in such a way that said stimulator (1) can be shifted along said axis (5) by expenditure of force until said projection (14) is at zero. The force is predefined or adjustable by said first pressure device (6).

Abstract: To determine the boiling temperature of a liquid, e.g. a hygroscopic brake fluid, a probe (1,1') is immersed partly, that is to say until an exactly predefined depth, into the test liquid. The probe (1,1') contains a measuring unit (14) which incorporates a temperature sensor (17) and which is in communication with the test liquid via a supply bore (13). The upper part of the measuring unit (14) forms a condensation zone (15) which is connected to the atmosphere via discharge openings (16). On ebullition of the test liquid, a bubbles or foam boiling zone (22) is formed directly on top of the surface (21) of the liquid, and on top of the zone (22) a condensation zone (15) is formed, out of which the condensate flows off to the outside. The temperature in the bubbles boiling zone is measured by means of the temperature sensor (17).