Abstract: An ink includes water, a coloring material, an organic solvent having a solubility parameter of from 8.0 to 13.0, an urethane resin particle and a metal ion, wherein the organic solvent having the solubility parameter of from 8.0 to 13.0 has a proportion of from 10.0% by mass to 30.0% by mass to the ink, where the metal ion is at least one selected from an alkali metal ion and an alkaline earth metal ion, where the metal ion has a proportion of from 4000 mg/L to 8000 mg/L to the ink.

Abstract: An ink includes water, a coloring material, an organic solvent having a solubility parameter of from 8.0 to 13.0, an urethane resin particle and a metal ion, wherein the organic solvent having the solubility parameter of from 8.0 to 13.0 has a proportion of from 10.0% by mass to 30.0% by mass to the ink, where the metal ion is at least one selected from an alkali metal ion and an alkaline earth metal ion, where the metal ion has a proportion of from 4000 mg/L to 8000 mg/L to the ink.

Abstract: An active-energy-ray-curable composition, a cured material of the active-energy-ray-curable composition satisfying a critical load of 5.0 g or more but 25.0 g or less, the critical load being obtained by a continuous loading test method using a variable normal load friction and wear measurement device, the cured material having an average thickness of 10 ?m and being formed by coating the active-energy-ray-curable composition on a substrate and by irradiating and curing the active-energy-ray-curable composition with active energy rays having illuminance of 1.5 W/cm2 and an amount of irradiation of 200 mJ/cm2.

Abstract: A composition for seamless belt includes a thermoplastic resin; and a conductive agent. A liquid extracted from the composition with methanol has an intensity not greater than 7×108 in a total ion chromatogram.

Abstract: A semiconductive resin composition includes at least two thermoplastic resins and a conductive filler. Each of the two thermoplastic resins has a sea-island structure, and 40% to 75% of the conductive filler are present in the thermoplastic resin in an island portion of the sea-island structure at an areal ratio of a cross section observed with a scanning electron microscope.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes at least an image bearer; an electrostatic latent image former to form an electrostatic latent image on the image bearer; an image developer to develop the electrostatic latent image with a toner to from a toner image; a first transferer to transfer the toner image from the image bearer onto an intermediate transfer belt; and a cleaner including a cleaning blade having a Martens hardness of from 0.8 to 10.0 N/m2, to clean the intermediate transfer belt while contacting the surface of the intermediate transfer belt. The intermediate transfer belt includes a thermoplastic resin and a conductive resin, and has a surface concentration of oxygen atoms derived from the conductive resin, measured by XPS, of from 1.0% to 3.0% by atom.

Abstract: An active-energy-ray-curable composition, a cured material of the active-energy-ray-curable composition satisfying a critical load of 5.0 g or more but 25.0 g or less, the critical load being obtained by a continuous loading test method using a variable normal load friction and wear measurement device, the cured material having an average thickness of 10 ?m and being formed by coating the active-energy-ray-curable composition on a substrate and by irradiating and curing the active-energy-ray-curable composition with active energy rays having illuminance of 1.5 W/cm2 and an amount of irradiation of 200 mJ/cm2.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt for use in electrophotography is provided. The intermediate transfer belt includes a thermoplastic resin having a vinylidene difluoride (VdF) structure. The intermediate transfer belt has a degree of crystallinity in the range of 17% to 39%.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt includes a thermoplastic resin and a fibrous material. The fibrous material has an orientation angle Fa of from 5° to 30° in a direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the intermediate transfer belt.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes at least an image bearer; an electrostatic latent image former to form an electrostatic latent image on the image bearer; an image developer to develop the electrostatic latent image with a toner to from a toner image; a first transferer to transfer the toner image from the image bearer onto an intermediate transfer belt; and a cleaner including a cleaning blade having a Martens hardness of from 0.8 to 10.0 N/m2, to clean the intermediate transfer belt while contacting the surface of the intermediate transfer belt. The intermediate transfer belt includes a thermoplastic resin and a conductive resin, and has a surface concentration of oxygen atoms derived from the conductive resin, measured by XPS, of from 1.0% to 3.0% by atom.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer member, including: a layer containing a thermoplastic resin, an electroconductive resin, and electroconductive inorganic particles, wherein the layer has a sea-island structure where discontinuous phases formed from the electroconductive resin are present in a continuous phase formed from the thermoplastic resin, wherein in a cross-sectional surface of the layer perpendicular to a rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member, the discontinuous phases formed from the electroconductive resin each have a cross-sectional shape of an ellipse, and a minor axis b of the ellipse is from 0.5 ?m to 5.0 ?m, and wherein in the cross-sectional surface of the layer perpendicular to the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member, a rate ? of a total area of the discontinuous phases formed from the electroconductive resin in an area of the cross-sectional surface thereof is from 2.0% to 20.0%.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt includes a thermoplastic resin and a fibrous material. The fibrous material has an orientation angle Fa of from 5° to 30° in a direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the intermediate transfer belt.

Abstract: An intermediate transferer includes a polyvinylidene fluoride resin including polyvinylidene fluoride and a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, a conductive agent and an additive. The additive includes a polymer including a polyalkyleneoxide structure having a number-average molecular weight not less than 1,000. The polyvinylidene fluoride resin includes the vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer in an amount of from 5 to 30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polyvinylidene fluoride. The intermediate transferer includes the conductive agent in an amount of from 1.0 to 20 parts by weight and the additive in an amount of from 1.0 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polyvinylidene fluoride resin.

Abstract: A semiconductive resin composition includes at least two thermoplastic resins and a conductive filler. Each of the two thermoplastic resins has a sea-island structure, and 40% to 75% of the conductive filler are present in the thermoplastic resin in an island portion of the sea-island structure at an areal ratio of a cross section observed with a scanning electron microscope.

Abstract: A composition for seamless belt includes a thermoplastic resin; and a conductive agent. A liquid extracted from the composition with methanol has an intensity not greater than 7×108 in a total ion chromatogram.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt for use in electrophotography is provided. The intermediate transfer belt includes a thermoplastic resin having a vinylidene difluoride (VdF) structure. The intermediate transfer belt has a degree of crystallinity in the range of 17% to 39%.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer member, including: a layer containing a thermoplastic resin, an electroconductive resin, and electroconductive inorganic particles, wherein the layer has a sea-island structure where discontinuous phases formed from the electroconductive resin are present in a continuous phase formed from the thermoplastic resin, wherein in a cross-sectional surface of the layer perpendicular to a rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member, the discontinuous phases formed from the electroconductive resin each have a cross-sectional shape of an ellipse, and a minor axis b of the ellipse is from 0.5 ?m to 5.0 ?m, and wherein in the cross-sectional surface of the layer perpendicular to the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member, a rate ? of a total area of the discontinuous phases formed from the electroconductive resin in an area of the cross-sectional surface thereof is from 2.0% to 20.0%.

Abstract: An intermediate transferer includes a polyvinylidene fluoride resin including polyvinylidene fluoride and a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, a conductive agent and an additive. The additive includes a polymer including a polyalkyleneoxide structure having a number-average molecular weight not less than 1,000. The polyvinylidene fluoride resin includes the vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer in an amount of from 5 to 30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polyvinylidene fluoride. The intermediate transferer includes the conductive agent in an amount of from 1.0 to 20 parts by weight and the additive in an amount of from 1.0 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polyvinylidene fluoride resin.