Abstract: Disclosed herein are geologic modeling methods and systems employing function-based representations of horizons intersected by partial faults. An illustrative method embodiment includes: (a) obtaining a seismic image volume; (b) identifying a horizon within the seismic image volume, said horizon being intersected by a partial fault; (c) deriving a function-based representation of the horizon, the representation being continuous except across the partial fault; (e) constructing a watertight subsurface model using the function-based representation; (f) assigning petrophysical parameter values to compartments of the watertight subsurface model; and, optionally, (g) storing or displaying the watertight subsurface model.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are geologic modeling methods and systems employing function-based representations of horizons intersected by partial faults. An illustrative method embodiment includes: (a) obtaining a seismic image volume; (b) identifying a horizon within the seismic image volume, said horizon being intersected by a partial fault; (c) deriving a function-based representation of the horizon, the representation being continuous except across the partial fault; (e) constructing a watertight subsurface model using the function-based representation; (f) assigning petrophysical parameter values to compartments of the watertight subsurface model; and, optionally, (g) storing or displaying the watertight subsurface model.

Abstract: A pressurized polymer bead such as may be useful as a proppant in hydraulic fracturing is described, including a shell that is substantially impermeable, wherein the shell includes a polyimide polymer. The pressurized polymer bead includes a core region that is at a pressure that is greater than 5 MPa.