Abstract: A process for treating contaminated water in which water contaminated with a volatile organic compound is placed within a volume of iron powder granules which have been water atomized by striking a stream of molten iron with water jets and drying the resulting iron powder. The iron powder granules contain iron, carbon and oxygen, wherein carbon is contained from 0.25 to 4 wt. % and oxygen is contained from 1 to 6 wt. %. The contaminated water is passed through or contacts the iron powder granules, whereby the contaminant is remediated.

Abstract: The method is provided for producing a first primary roll (8) having a predetermined lateral surface defined by a diameter D.sub.f, or for determining an amount of material available on a primary roll. The primary roll is made of material wound around a spindle (6). The material is used to produce smaller secondary rolls (12) of material. The method for producing the primary roll of material comprises steps of (a) calculating portion S.sub.f of the lateral surface, which is covered by the spindle; (b) calculating a portion S.sub.i of the lateral surface, which represents material needed to produce the smaller secondary rolls of material; (c) calculating a compression factor K1 which is derived from a compression rate K of a previous second primary roll used to produce previous secondary rolls with respect to the previous secondary rolls; (d) calculating D.sub.f where: D.sub.f =(4(S.sub.f +(S.sub.

Abstract: There are provided a method and an apparatus for determining at least one sheet stretch value of a roll of material. The method comprises the steps of (a) radially marking one side end of the roll from periphery thereof to produce a series of aligned marks along a radius thereof; (b) supporting the roll in such a manner that it is free to rotate, thus allowing relaxation of peripheral layers thereof; and (c) after steps (a) and (b), measuring a lateral shifting value GAP of one of the marks, which is the outermost in periphery of the roll, with respect to an adjacent mark.

Abstract: The method is for producing a first primary roll having a predetermined lateral surface defined by a diameter D.sub.f. The primary roll is made of material wound around a spindle. The material is used to produce smaller secondary rolls of material. The method comprises steps of (a) calculating a portion S.sub.f of the lateral surface, which is covered by the spindle; (b) calculating a portion S.sub.i of the lateral surface, Which represents material needed to produce the smaller secondary rolls of material; (c) calculating a compression factor K1 which is derived from a compression rate K of a previous second primary roll used to produce previous secondary rolls with respect to the previous secondary rolls; (d) calculating D.sub.f where: ##EQU1## (e) winding up material around the spindle to produce the first primary roll until a diameter of the first primary roll reaches said diameter D.sub.f ; whereby loss of material is reduced by taking into account compression factor K1 which varies with respect to time.