Abstract: The invention relates to metallic effect pigment, the metallic effect pigment having at least one diffractive structure and at least one layer which comprises metal nanoparticles and metal oxide phase, the metal of the metal oxide phase and the metal of the metal nanoparticles in this at least one layer being identical. The invention further relates to a process for preparing these metallic effect pigments, to a coating composition, and to a coated article.

Abstract: A metallic effect pigment comprising at least three layers: A) a layer A which comprises at least one metal MA and has an average oxygen content OA, based on the total amount of MA and OA in the layer A, B) a layer B comprising at least one metal MB and having an average oxygen content OB of 0 to 77 atom %, more particularly of 0 to 58 atom %, based on the total amount of MB and OB in the layer B, C) a layer C which comprises at least one metal MC and has an average oxygen content OC, based on the total amount of MC and OC in the layer C, the average oxygen content OAC in layers A and C being determined in accordance with the formula (I) O AC = 1 2 ? ( O A M A + O A + O C M C + O C ) ( I ) and being situated within a range from 2 to 77 atom %, more particularly from 25 to 58 atom %. The disclosure further relates to processes for preparing this effect pigment and also to its use.

Abstract: The invention relates to a metallic effect pigment, which metallic effect pigment has a substantially homogeneous chemical composition comprising at least one metal M and having an average content of oxygen of from 25 to 58 atomic percent, based on the total content of M and oxygen. The invention further relates to a method for the production of said metallic effect pigment.

Abstract: A platelet-shaped PVD metallic effect pigment having first and second outer faces, the platelet-shaped PVD metallic effect pigment having at least one PVD layer, the at least one PVD layer including elemental metal with clusters of elemental metal and metal oxide. The amounts of elemental metal in the first outer face and in the second outer face of the PVD metallic effect pigment are different from one another and they differ by at least 10 atom %. The disclosure further relates to a method for producing these platelet-shaped PVD metallic effect pigments, and to their use.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multistage process for the continuous preparation of organic, distillable polyisocyanates, preferably diisocyanates, particularly preferably aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diisocyanates, by reaction of the corresponding organic polyamines with carbonic acid derivatives and alcohols to form low molecular weight monomeric polyurethanes and thermal dissociation of the latter, in which the polyisocyanates produced and unusable residues are separated off at particular stages of the reaction and reusable by-products and intermediates are recirculated to preceding stages.

Abstract: The invention relates to metallic effect pigment, the metallic effect pigment having at least one diffractive structure and at least one layer which comprises metal nanoparticles and metal oxide phase, the metal of the metal oxide phase and the metal of the metal nanoparticles in this at least one layer being identical. The invention further relates to a process for preparing these metallic effect pigments, to a coating composition, and to a coated article.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved multistage process for the continuous preparation of diisocyanates by reaction of the corresponding diamines with carbonic acid derivatives and alcohols to form low molecular weight monomeric urethanes and thermal dissociation of the latter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing diisocyanates from diamines and phosgene in the gas phase.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multistage process for the continuous preparation of organic, distillable polyisocyanates, preferably diisocyanates, particularly preferably aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diisocyanates, by reaction of the corresponding organic polyamines with carbonic acid derivatives and alcohols to form low molecular weight monomeric polyurethanes and thermal dissociation of the latter, in which the polyisocyanates produced and unusable residues are separated off at particular stages of the reaction and reusable by-products and intermediates are recirculated to preceding stages.

Abstract: A platelet-shaped PVD metallic effect pigment having first and second outer faces, the platelet-shaped PVD metallic effect pigment having at least one PVD layer, the at least one PVD layer including elemental metal with clusters of elemental metal and metal oxide. The amounts of elemental metal in the first outer face and in the second outer face of the PVD metallic effect pigment are different from one another and they differ by at least 10 atom %. The disclosure further relates to a method for producing these platelet-shaped PVD metallic effect pigments, and to their use.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved multistage process for the continuous preparation of diisocyanates by reaction of the corresponding diamines with carbonic acid derivatives and alcohols to form low molecular weight monomeric urethanes and thermal dissociation of the latter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing diisocyanates from diamines and phosgene in the gas phase.

Abstract: A metallic effect pigment comprising at least three layers: A) a layer A which comprises at least one metal MA and has an average oxygen content OA, based on the total amount of MA and OA in the layer A, B) a layer B comprising at least one metal MB and having an average oxygen content OB of 0 to 77 atom %, more particularly of 0 to 58 atom %, based on the total amount of MB and OB in the layer B, C) a layer C which comprises at least one metal MC and has an average oxygen content OC, based on the total amount of MC and OC in the layer C, the average oxygen content OAC in layers A and C being determined in accordance with the formula (I) O AC = 1 2 ? ( O A M A + O A + O C M C + O C ) ( I ) and being situated within a range from 2 to 77 atom %, more particularly from 25 to 58 atom %. The disclosure further relates to processes for preparing this effect pigment and also to its use.

Abstract: The invention relates to a metallic effect pigment, which metallic effect pigment has a substantially homogeneous chemical composition comprising at least one metal M and having an average content of oxygen of from 25 to 58 atomic percent, based on the total content of M and oxygen. The invention further relates to a method for the production of said metallic effect pigment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multilayered PVD effect pigment in which the PVD effect pigment comprises the following layer sequence: (a) a dielectric layer having a geometrical thickness of from 25 nm to not more than 180 nm, (b) a metallic absorptive layer having a geometrical thickness of not more than 35 nm, (c) a dielectric layer having a geometrical thickness of from 25 nm to not more than 180 nm, wherein the layers adjoin each other directly and the dielectric layers (a) and (c) are the same or different. The invention also relates to methods for the manufacture of said multilayered effect pigment and to the use of the multilayered effect pigment.

Abstract: The invention relates to sets of structural elements representing equilateral irregular pentagonal structures with angles of 36.degree., 108.degree., 108.degree., 36.degree. and 252.degree., which enable a plurality of patterns that can cover a plane periodically or non-periodically. Modified structural elements in which each side of the equilateral, irregular pentagon is replaced by point-symmetrical lines also cover the plane. Sets of said structural elements can be used for tile applications, tile games such as puzzles, intarsia products, jewelry and the production of fabrics and wallpaper.

Abstract: The invention relates to sets of structural elements representing equilateral irregular pentagonal structures with angles of 36.degree., 108.degree., 108.degree., 36.degree. and 252.degree., which enable a plurality of patterns that can cover a plane periodically or non-periodically. Modified structural elements in which each side of the equilateral, irregular pentagon is replaced by point-symmetrical lines also cover the plane. Sets of said structural elements can be used for tile applications, tile games such as puzzles, intarsia products, jewelry and the production of fabrics and wallpaper.

Abstract: A process for preparing hydroformylation products of olefins having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms comprises a) feeding a hydrocarbon feedstock into a cracking/dehydrogenation zone and subjecting it to thermal and/or catalytic cracking and/or dehydrogenation to give an olefin-containing cracker gas, b) subjecting the cracker gas or fractions thereof to a fractionation to give at least one Ci-olefin-enriched hydrocarbon stream and at least one Ci-olefin-depleted hydrocarbon stream, c) feeding the Ci-olefin-enriched hydrocarbon stream together with carbon monoxide and hydrogen into a hydroformylation zone and reacting it in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst, d) separating a stream consisting essentially of unreacted Ci-olefin and saturated Ci-hydrocarbon from the output from the hydroformylation zone, e) recirculating at least part of the stream consisting essentially of unreacted Ci-olefin and saturated Ci-hydrocarbon to step b), where i is an integer from to 8.

Abstract: A liquid output from a continuous hydroformylation, which comprises essentially aldehydes, high-boiling by-products, a homogeneously dissolved hydroformylation catalyst, unreacted olefins, low-boiling by-products and dissolved synthesis gas, is worked up by a process in which a) the liquid hydroformylation output is depressurized in a first depressurization stage to a pressure which is from 2 to 20 bar below the reactor pressure, resulting in separation into a liquid phase and a gas phase, and b) the liquid phase obtained in the first depressurization stage is depressurized in a second depressurization stage to a pressure which is lower than the pressure of the first depressurization stage, resulting in separation into a liquid phase comprising essentially high-boiling by-products of the hydroformylation, the homogeneously dissolved hydroformylation catalyst and small amounts of hydroformylation product and unreacted olefin and a gas phase comprising essentially the major part of the hydroformylation produc

Abstract: A process for preparing hydroformylation products of olefins having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms comprises