Abstract: An improved and modified hybrid-ring coupler using distributed, quarter-wave length, tuning element to achieve the proper phasing between signal paths. Extra line lengths have been added to accommodate the addition of a third port so the device is a three-way combiner/divider. Two isolation ports accommodating external isolation resistors are provided. Instrumentation is preferably in microstrip medium.

Abstract: A 180.degree. microwave phase-bit device implemented in a stripline medium with integral transitional coupling into a waveguide by means of an H plane loop within the waveguide. The device is particularly well suited for use in digital diode phase shifters attached to waveguide feed networks, such as in the case of corporate feed of plural antenna elements within a phased array. The device is shown both independently and in connection with diode phase shifters providing intermediate values of phase shift such as 22.degree., 45.degree. and 90.degree.. PIN type radio frequency diodes would normally be used to provide the necessary switching function.

Abstract: A space-fed phased-array arrangement in which the plural antenna elements each include first and second (front and rear) individual radiators. Between these input and output radiators, there is a combined controllable phase shifter and controllable electronic switching arrangement. In accordance with external control signals, the amount of phase shift (phase delay) introduced by each element may be controlled, and by appropriate programming of these phase shifts, beam formation and pointing angle may be determined. The electronic switch devices are programmable to convert any or all of the antenna elements to reflector or retro-directing elements whereby a rear-pointing beam may be generated and scanned in substantially the same way as the forward beam is generated and scanned. In the retro-directive (reflective) mode, energy from the primary feed passes bi-directionally through the reciprocal controllable phase shifter sections.