Abstract: A photocatalyst suspension reactor for solar fuel formation. The reactor may comprise a shallow pool filled with a first portion of an electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution may comprise a solvent, a plurality of redox shuttle molecules, and a plurality of photocatalyst particles. The reactor may further comprise a plurality of tubes disposed on a surface of the shallow pool, each tube of the plurality of tubes comprising an upper half and a lower half. The upper half may comprise a transparent material configured to be minimally permeable to hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The lower half may be configured to be filled with a second portion of the electrolyte solution and comprises an ion bridge material permeable to the plurality of redox shuttle molecules and minimally permeable to the plurality of photocatalyst particles.

Abstract: A storage assembly 10 having at least one sub-assembly 12 which includes a plurality of material storage cells 49 which are operatively disposed along a certain axis 51 and which have generally planar material containment surfaces 16. The cells 49 are cooperatively formed by a member 14, a plurality of conductive fins 26 which reside upon member 14, and by a compliant member 42. A desired number of sub-assemblies 12 may be selectively and stackably coupled to form the storage assembly 10.

Abstract: A heat exchange apparatus including a housing, a first array of fluid conduits provided within the housing, and a second array of fluid conduits provided within the housing. The first and second arrays of fluid conduits are configured to carry a first fluid. The heat exchange apparatus also includes a first fluid passageway provided within the housing, where the first fluid passageway is defined by an internal surface of the housing and by a baffle plate. The first fluid passageway is configured to carry a second fluid. The baffle plate is configured to divide the first fluid passageway into a first flow path and a second flow path, where the first array of fluid conduits extends through the first flow path and the second array of fluid conduits extends through the second flow path.

Abstract: A heat exchange apparatus including a housing, a first array of fluid conduits provided within the housing, and a second array of fluid conduits provided within the housing. The first and second arrays of fluid conduits are configured to carry a first fluid. The heat exchange apparatus also includes a first fluid passageway provided within the housing, where the first fluid passageway is defined by an internal surface of the housing and by a baffle plate. The first fluid passageway is configured to carry a second fluid. The baffle plate is configured to divide the first fluid passageway into a first flow path and a second flow path, where the first array of fluid conduits extends through the first flow path and the second array of fluid conduits extends through the second flow path.

Abstract: The present invention provides a heat exchange reactor, which includes at least one tube bundle containing a plurality of tubes arranged substantially parallel to a common longitudinal axis and within an external pressure housing, the bundle having first and second ends in respective first fluid communication with at least one first fluid inlet and at least one first fluid outlet, and the external pressure housing having at least one second fluid inlet and at least one second fluid outlet; at least one baffle oriented substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and disposed about the bundle and configured as a manifold to control a flow of the second fluid; at least one layer of interior thermal insulation disposed between the bundle and the housing and in fluid communication with the second fluid. Other embodiments of the present invention include methods of using and methods of making the heat exchange reactor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a heat exchange reactor, which includes at least one tube bundle containing a plurality of tubes arranged substantially parallel to a common longitudinal axis and within an external pressure housing, the bundle having first and second ends in respective first fluid communication with at least one first fluid inlet and at least one first fluid outlet, and the external pressure housing having at least one second fluid inlet and at least one second fluid outlet; at least one baffle oriented substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and disposed about the bundle and configured as a manifold to control a flow of the second fluid; at least one layer of interior thermal insulation disposed between the bundle and the housing and in fluid communication with the second fluid. Other embodiments of the present invention include methods of using and methods of making the heat exchange reactor.

Abstract: A properly modulated carrier signal exits transmission circuitry (201) and enters a first and a second mixer (203, 205). The modulated carrier is mixed with a first and a second function by the first and the second mixers (203, 205). The functions are generated by a first and a second signal generator (207, 209). The mixed signals exit the mixers (203, 205), and are amplified (via amplifiers 211-213), to be radiated by an antenna (211). The antenna (221) comprises two orthogonal antenna elements (215, 217), that are in close proximity with one another (although not in contact). One of the mixed signals is radiated on a first element (215), and the other mixed signal is radiated on the second element (217). The resulting signal transmitted from the antenna (221) is the original carrier signal having the plane of polarization constantly changing. Thus a reflected signal emitted an instance earlier cannot interfere with a wave currently emitted.