Abstract: Briefly, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method to manufacture a phase change memory is provided. The method may include forming a first electrode contacting the sidewall surface and the bottom surface of the phase change material. The method may further include forming a second electrode contacting the top surface of the phase change material.

Abstract: A phase change memory may be configured to enable both optical and electrical accessing of the memory. In one embodiment, each cell may be electrically accessed by a laser beam, and at the same time each cell may be electrically accessed by electrical addressing signals.

Abstract: Read disturbs in phase change memories may be reduced by progressively reducing the read pulse falling edges. This may reduce the possibility of quenching and inadvertent amorphization of at least a portion of the bit. As a result, in some embodiments, read disturbs may be reduced.

Abstract: A lateral phase change cell may be formed over a semiconductor substrate. The lateral cell, in some embodiments, may be exposed to light so that the same cell may be addressed by both optical and electrical signals.

Abstract: A phase change layer may switch between more and less conductive states in response to electrical stimulation. The phase change layer may be positioned over a non-switching ovonic material which acts as an electrode, a resistive heater, and an insulating barrier. The phase change layer may be positioned over a non-switching ovonic material which acts as an electrode, a resistive heater, and a thermal barrier.

Abstract: A programmable current source for a phase change memory allows a single current source to controllably provide the current for reading and writing both set and reset bits. In addition, the current source can vary the current based on the characteristics of a particular run of wafers. In one embodiment, a plurality of current generators may be selectively operated to generate the desired additive output current that is needed for a particular operation such as reading or writing set or reset bits.

Abstract: Briefly, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method to manufacture a phase change memory is provided. The method may include forming a first electrode contacting the sidewall surface and the bottom surface of the phase change material. The method may further include forming a second electrode contacting the top surface of the phase change material.

Abstract: Read disturbs in phase change memories may be reduced by progressively reducing the read pulse falling edges. This may reduce the possibility of quenching and inadvertent amorphization of at least a portion of the bit. As a result, in some embodiments, read disturbs may be reduced.

Abstract: A lateral phase change cell may be formed over a semiconductor substrate. The lateral cell, in some embodiments, may be exposed to light so that the same cell may be addressed by both optical and electrical signals.

Abstract: Briefly, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a phase change memory and a method to manufacture a phase change memory is provided. The phase change memory may include a phase change material having a bottom portion, a lateral portion, and a top portion. The phase change memory may further include a first electrode material contacting the bottom portion and the lateral portion of the phase change material and a second electrode material contacting the top portion of the phase change material.

Abstract: Briefly, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a phase change memory and a method to manufacture a phase change memory is provided. The phase change memory may include a phase change material having a bottom portion, a lateral portion, and a top portion. The phase change memory may further include a first electrode material contacting the bottom portion and the lateral portion of the phase change material and a second electrode material contacting the top portion of the phase change material.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention may perform a transformation based on existing program operations or operators which may provide encrypting compiler-generated code for compilation with original source code, securing distributable content in hostile environments. As an example, use of compiler analysis and heuristics for pairing variables and identifying encryption/decryption points may protect distributable software, such as the compiled code from automated attacks. In one embodiment, pre-compiler software may dynamically obtain one or more program operators from the source code for applying data transformation based on custom ciphers to encrypt/decrypt data in between references to data variables in a particular portion of the source code, providing encrypting compiler-generated code for mixing with the source code prior to compilation into tamper-resistant object code.

Abstract: A single-piece thermally isolated multi-point injector for a hydrazine fuel catalytic gas generator having a series of integral feed tubes each with a fuel passage and with the fuel inlet ends thereof spaced apart for ease of manufacture and inspection and associated with a distribution manifold. The feed tubes are arranged in spaced-apart circular arrays to facilitate formation thereof from an investment casting or by radial electrochemical machining cuts. The fuel injector retains the thermal isolation features of a welded or brazed capillary tube injector, but eliminates leakage points encountered in such a structure. The outlet end of each feed tube has a porous member associated therewith to obtain a uniform flow path of hydrazine fuel in all directions onto a catalyst bed.

Abstract: A single-piece thermally isolated multi-point injector for a hydrazine fuel catalytic gas generator having a series of integral feed tubes each with a fuel passage and with the fuel inlet ends thereof spaced apart for ease of manufacture and inspection and associated with a distribution manifold. The feed tubes are arranged in spaced-apart circular arrays to facilitate formation thereof from an investment casting or by radial electrochemical machining cuts. The fuel injector retains the thermal isolation features of a welded or brazed capillary tube injector, but eliminates leakage points encountered in such a structure. The outlet end of each feed tube has a porous member associated therewith to obtain a uniform flow path of hydrazine fuel in all directions onto a catalyst bed.

Abstract: A vibration device which provides a soothing pleasurable sensation in response to the audio output from an electronic device such as a record player, tape player, television set or radio. The device includes a housing which supports a speaker. The speaker vibrates in response to a signal received from the audio output of the electronic device. The speaker is contained within a housing which vibrates in response to the vibrations of the speaker while muffling the sounds that it creates. A listener can place his hand on the housing and sense the vibrations. The device can be used in conjunction with an audible signal or without the audible signal.