Abstract: A hot solids process selectively operable for purposes of generating at least one predetermined output based on what the specific nature of the primary purpose of the hot solids process is for which the at least one predetermined output that is selected from a multiplicity of predetermined outputs, such as H2 and CO2, is being produced, and wherein such primary purpose of the hot solids process is designed to be pre-selected from a group of primary purposes of the hot solids process that includes at least two of the generation of H2 for electric power purposes, the generation of SynGas for electric power production as well as for other industrial uses, the production of steam for electric power generation as well as for other uses, the production of process heat, the production of CO2 for agricultural purposes, and the generation of a feedstock such as H2 for use for the production of liquid hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A system is described wherein a boiler 10 is integrated with an oxygen producing device 12. Combustion heat generated in the boiler 10 is used to generate steam in the boiler and is also applied to at least one of a sweep gas stream 13 and a feed gas stream 15 to ensure that the sweep gas and feed gas streams 12, 15 are provided at the appropriate temperature to the oxygen producing device 12. Flue gas generated by fuel combustion within the combustion chamber 14 may be used as the sweep gas stream 13, in which case, the flue gas exiting the oxygen producing device 12 includes the oxygen removed from the feed gas stream. The flue gas/oxygen mixture may be used for fuel combustion within the combustion chamber, and may be provided to an oxygen separator 28 for removing oxygen from the flue gas. Sensible heat contained in the oxygen depleted feed gas from the oxygen producing device 12 may be recovered by the feed gas stream 15.

Abstract: A hot solids process wherein a predetermined output, which is designed to be suitable for use as an input to a petrochemical process, is capable of being generated through the use of the hot solids process. The mode of operation of such a hot solids process is designed to be such that preferably a portion of the otherwise normally unusable product output, which is produced from a petrochemical process, is designed to be utilized as an input to the hot solids process for purposes of generating from the hot solids process the predetermined output that is suitable for use as an input to a petrochemical process.

Abstract: A hot solids process operable selectively for combustion purposes and gasification purposes wherein a pre-identified product is selected from a group of products to be generated through the use of the hot solids process. Based on the nature of the pre-identified product, which is to be generated through the use of the hot solids process, a specific fuel from which the pre-identified product is capable of being derived is selected from a group of fuels. Then, from a group of reactors there is selected a first reactor, which is operable for generating in the first reactor the pre-identified product as an output from the first reactor. Thereafter, from a group of reactors, there is selected a second reactor, which is operable for effecting in the second reactor the conversion of air and of a predetermined carrier selected from a group of carriers to produce a predefined output from the second reactor.

Abstract: A hot solids process selectively operable for purposes of generating a predetermined output based on the nature of the specific application for which the predetermined output is being produced, and wherein such specific application is designed to be pre-selected from a group of specific applications that includes a new steam generator application, a retrofit steam generator application, a CO2 capture ready Hot Solids Combustion application, a CO2 capture ready hot solids gasification application, a CO2 capture hot solids combustion application, a CO2 capture hot solids gasification application, a partial CO2 capture hot solids combustion application, and a partial CO2 capture hot solids gasification application.

Abstract: A hot solids process selectively operable for purposes of generating at least one predetermined output based on what the specific nature of the primary purpose of the hot solids process is for which the at least one predetermined output that is selected from a multiplicity of predetermined outputs, such as H2 and CO2, is being produced, and wherein such primary purpose of the hot solids process is designed to be pre-selected from a group of primary purposes of the hot solids process that includes at least two of the generation of H2 for electric power purposes, the generation of SynGas for electric power production as well as for other industrial uses, the production of steam for electric power generation as well as for other uses, the production of process heat, the production of CO2 for agricultural purposes, and the generation of a feedstock such as H2 for use for the production of liquid hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A system is described wherein a boiler 10 is integrated with an oxygen producing device 12. Combustion heat generated in the boiler 10 is used to generate steam in the boiler and is also applied to at least one of a sweep gas stream 13 and a feed gas stream 15 to ensure that the sweep gas and feed gas streams 12, 15 are provided at the appropriate temperature to the oxygen producing device 12. Flue gas generated by fuel combustion within the combustion chamber 14 may be used as the sweep gas stream 13, in which case, the flue gas exiting the oxygen producing device 12 includes the oxygen removed from the feed gas stream. The flue gas/oxygen mixture may be used for fuel combustion within the combustion chamber, and may be provided to an oxygen separator 28 for removing oxygen from the flue gas. Sensible heat contained in the oxygen depleted feed gas from the oxygen producing device 12 may be recovered by the feed gas stream 15.

Abstract: A pulverized coal steam generator employing tangential, concentric firing with oxidizing conditions adjacent the furnace walls and using overfire air and low NO.sub.x firing methods is operated at very low excess air levels. This is possible because the unburned carbon in the flyash is measured and the pulverizers are adjusted to control the particles size of the pulverized coal and maintain a desired carbon level. The slagging and corrosion associated with deep staging is overcome by the concentric firing. Overall plant efficiency is obtained while still meeting performance objectives and emissions controls.

Abstract: An improved gas turbine combined cycle system having a diffuser duct between the gas turbine and steam generator. The diffuser duct has boundary layer suction to prevent gas jet separation, thereby reducing pressure loss and improving gas velocity profiles in the duct, while eliminating the need for internal flow controls. The gas turbine combined cycle system can be vertically oriented to reduce the plan area of the system and provide for convenient use of a symmetrical diffuser duct and the use of forced circulation on the water side of the steam generator.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrocarbons suitable for use as a chemical feedstock uses coal (10) and methane-rich gas (56) as raw materials. The coal and gas are heated over 6000.degree. F. (3316.degree. C.) in an electric-arc (14) forming an atomic plasma (16). The plasma is cooled and held (18) between 5000.degree. and 6000.degree. F. (2760.degree. and 3316.degree. C.) to allow formation of the desired hydrocarbons. The product stream (22) is then quenched (24) and the hydrocarbons separated (40, 42).

Abstract: A magnetohydrodynamic generator (30) is fired with a clean, medium BTU combustible gas produced in an oxygen atmosphere. The combustible gas is generated in an oxygen blown coal gasifier (10) and cleaned of sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, and particulate matter before being delivered to the burner (32) of the MHD generator (30). An air separation plant (70) is provided to supply oxygen to both the MHD burner (32) and the coal gasifier (10). Nitrogen from the air separation plant (70) is preheated and utilized to dry the coal supplied to the gasifier (10). A vapor generator (40) is disposed downstream of the MHD generator (30) to receive and cool the hot gases exiting therefrom thereby generating steam.

Abstract: A method for recovering ammonia from spent ammonia-base sulfite pulping liquor includes steam stripping spent ammonia and condensing the resulting vapor to produce a dilute ammonia or ammonium hydroxide solution. This dilute solution is passed through a cation exchange column to produce an ammonium sulfite-ammonium bisulfite solution which is delivered to a sulfur dioxide absorption tower to thereby produce a concentrated ammonia-base sulfite cooking liquor. The residual liquor from the stripping step and the non-condensable gases are burned as fuel and the waste gases from this burning, which contain a small percentage of sulfur dioxide, are delivered to the absorption tower and subsequently discharged to the atmosphere free of sulfur dioxide and ammonia.

Abstract: A steam generating diffuser comprising a plurality of heat exchange tubes arranged to form a horizontally disposed, longitudinally elongated open-ended divergent duct. A refractory lining is laid up around the inner surface of the divergent duct so as to protect the heat exchange tubes. The inlet of each heat exchange tube is connected to a lower water distribution header disposed beneath the duct and the outlet of each heat exchange tube is connected to an upper steam and water distribution header disposed above the duct. Each tube provides a fluid flow path between the lower and upper headers which is continuously upwardly directed.

Abstract: An atmospheric pressure coal gasifier is combined with a MHD generator and a vapor generator to provide an entirely coal-fueled power generating system. The combustible low BTU gas formed in the gasifier is passed through a gas cleaner wherein particulate atter, gaseous sulfur compounds, and char are removed to produce a clean combustible low BTU gas. A first portion of the clean combustible low BTU gas and the char are passed to the burner of the MHD generator as a source of fuel. A second portion of the clean combustible low BTU gas is passed to a direct-fired air heater as a source of fuel for preheating the combustion air supplied to the burner of the MHD generator.

Abstract: The Air Quality Control System utilizes the reaction between nitrogen oxides and the sulfites and bisulfites which are produced as a slurry of lime/limestone absorbs sulfur dioxide from a mixture of gases to produce ammonia from the absorption of nitrogen oxides.

Abstract: A magnetohydrodynamic generator discharges its gases to a vapor generator. A portion of the heat discharged to the vapor generator is recovered to elevate the temperature of the combustion air to the MHD burner. The burner discharge of an atmospheric heater further raises the temperature of the combustion air. The MHD exhaust gases passed through the vapor generator and the gases discharged from the atmospheric heater are combined to superheat the generated vapor and feed liquid to the vapor generator.

Abstract: A system and method are described in which sulfur-containing flue gases are contacted with a solution containing excess calcium or magnesium bicarbonate. The sulfur oxides are reacted with the bicarbonate producing soluble bisulfites. This solution is then oxidized for pH control to produce calcium or magnesium sulfate and sulfuric acid. Dolomite or limestone or similar additives are then introduced to precipitate sulfates and to regenerate the bicarbonate solution for recycle to the scrubber.