Abstract: A pH sensor comprises: a chamber for receiving an electrolyte solution; a first and a second ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFETs), each of the first and second ISFETs having a source terminal, a drain terminal and a transistor channel extending between the source terminal and the drain terminal, a dielectric layer with a sensing surface arranged in the chamber so as to be contactable by the electrolyte solution, the dielectric layer separating the sensing surface from the transistor channel; a first measurement circuit configured to measure a first source-drain resistance across the transistor channel of the first ISFET; and a second measurement circuit configured to measure a second source-drain resistance across the transistor channel of the second ISFET. The first and second measurement circuits include a common reference electrode, the reference electrode arranged contactable by the electrolyte solution in the chamber.

Abstract: A pH sensor comprises: a chamber for receiving an electrolyte solution; a first and a second ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFETs), each of the first and second ISFETs having a source terminal, a drain terminal and a transistor channel extending between the source terminal and the drain terminal, a dielectric layer with a sensing surface arranged in the chamber so as to be contactable by the electrolyte solution, the dielectric layer separating the sensing surface from the transistor channel; a first measurement circuit configured to measure a first source-drain resistance across the transistor channel of the first ISFET; and a second measurement circuit configured to measure a second source-drain resistance across the transistor channel of the second ISFET. The first and second measurement circuits include a common reference electrode, the reference electrode arranged contactable by the electrolyte solution in the chamber.

Abstract: An ISFET or ISFET-based sensor includes a source terminal, a drain terminal and a transistor channel between the source terminal and the drain terminal, where the ISFET or ISFET-based sensor also includes a fin extending between the source terminal and the drain terminal, the fin including the transistor channel, the fin having opposite sides with charge-sensitive surface for forming an interface with an analyte solution and an insulating barrier between the charge-sensitive surface and the transistor channel located centrally between the opposite sides of the fin, such that the transistor channel has a height-to-width ratio of at least 10.

Abstract: The present invention is related to an electrochemical reactor (1) and a microfluidic platform (20) comprising this reactor (1), controlling pH in a closed environment, wherein this reactor (1) comprises at least one cell (2), wherein each cell (2) containing at least one micro-well (3a) able to contain a liquid and reagents and a cap (7) to close the said cell (2) and wherein the cell (2) further comprises at least one working electrode (5) producing reversible REDOX reactions.

Abstract: The present invention is related to an electrochemical reactor (1) and a microfluidic platform (20) comprising this reactor (1), controlling pH in a closed environment, wherein this reactor (1) comprises at least one cell (2), wherein each cell (2) containing at least one micro-well (3a) able to contain a liquid and reagents and a cap (7) to close the said cell (2) and wherein the cell (2) further comprises at least one working electrode (5) producing reversible REDOX reactions.

Abstract: A method for providing a current path during switching transitions of a switching circuit while limiting the short circuit current. In one embodiment, a switching circuit includes a passive break-before-make element in series with two switches. An alternate embodiment includes a make-before-break element in parallel with the switches. The passive break-before-make element, or make-before-break element, provides a high impedance in a short term and a low impedance in a long term. The switching circuit may be coupled to a load through a low pass filter. In one embodiment, the switching circuit is used in a switching audio amplifier circuit, where correction of nonlinearities incorporates analog feedback to modify the duty ratio of a digitally generated switching signal in the analog domain.

Abstract: A method for providing a current path during switching transitions of a switching circuit while limiting the short circuit current. In one embodiment, a switching circuit includes a passive break-before-make element in series with two switches. An alternate embodiment includes a make-before-break element in parallel with the switches. The passive break-before-make element, or make-before-break element, provides a high impedance in a short term and a low impedance in a long term. The switching circuit may be coupled to a load through a low pass filter. In one embodiment, the switching circuit is used in a switching audio amplifier circuit, where correction of nonlinearities incorporates analog feedback to modify the duty ratio of a digitally generated switching signal in the analog domain.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to produce a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal from pulse code modulated (PCM) data. In one embodiment, a crossing point of an analog signal with the ramp portion of a sawtooth waveform is approximated by first extrapolating, or projecting, a line between two adjacent sample points across other sample points to produce an estimate of the crossing point. A magnitude difference between a crossing point of the extrapolated line and a sample point magnitude on each side of the crossing point is determined. The magnitude difference, multiplied by an empirically determined constant, is added to the estimate. A PWM signal is then produced using the estimate for the crossing point.

Abstract: A switched capacitor system for automatic battery equalization can be used with series coupled batteries as well as primary and backup batteries which are alternately couplable to a load. The system includes a plurality of capacitors and a plurality of switching elements. Each of the capacitors is switched back and forth between a predetermined pair of batteries for the purpose of transferring charge therebetween and equalizing the output voltages of each of the batteries in the pair. The capacitors and switching elements can be configured in a modular fashion. Multiple modules can be used, for example, in combination with multiple batteries which are series coupled to one another. The system could be used in electric vehicles and in battery back-up systems of all types.