Abstract: To program in a nonvolatile memory device including a cell region including first metal pads and a peripheral region including second metal pads and vertically connected to the cell region by the first metal pads and the second metal pads, a memory block is provided with a plurality of sub blocks disposed in a vertical direction where the memory block includes a plurality of cell strings each including a plurality of memory cells connected in series and disposed in the vertical direction. A plurality of intermediate switching transistors are disposed in a boundary portion between two adjacent sub blocks in the vertical direction. Each of the plurality of intermediate switching transistors is selectively activated based on a program address during a program operation. The selectively activating each of the plurality of intermediate switching transistors includes selectively turning on one or more intermediate switching transistors in a selected cell string based on the program address.

Abstract: An apparatus for non-invasively estimating bio-information and a method of determining whether a bio-signal is normal by the apparatus for estimating bio-information are provided. The apparatus for estimating bio-information according to an embodiment of the disclosure includes: a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor configured to measure a PPG signal from an object; and a processor configured to extract a plurality of pairs of local maximum points and local minimum points from a second derivative signal of the PPG signal, to select at least one reference pair from among the extracted plurality of pairs, and to determine whether the PPG signal is normal based on the selected at least one reference pair.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating bio-information may include: a bio-signal acquirer configured to acquire a bio-signal; and a processor configured to extract one or more first feature values from the bio-signal, determine a scale factor based on the first feature values, and to estimate bio-information based on the scale factor and the first feature values.

Abstract: An apparatus for calibration of a bio-information estimation model includes a sensor configured to obtain a bio-signal from an object in a reference interval; a feature extractor, implemented by at least one processor, configure to extract a reference feature value from the bio-signal; and a calibrator, implemented by the at least one processor, configured to determine whether a condition is satisfied based on at least one of the reference feature value and an offset value, and based on determining that the condition is satisfied, configured to calibrate the bio-information estimation model based on the reference feature value and the offset value.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating bio-information may include a sensor configured to obtain a bio-signal from an object, and a processor configured to obtain a second-order differential signal of the bio-signal, and extract a progressive wave component from the bio-signal using, based on a first local minimum point of the second-order differential signal being stable, the first local minimum point of the second-order differential signal, or extract the progressive wave component from the bio-signal using, based on the first local minimum point of the second-order differential signal being unstable, a maximum amplitude point in a systolic portion of the bio-signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating bio-information includes: a sensor configured to obtain a bio-signal from an object; and a processor configured to obtain a second-order differential signal of the bio-signal, to detect at least one of an inflection point in a predetermined period of the second-order differential signal, and a zero-crossing point in the predetermined period of the second-order differential signal, to extract a feature based on the detected at least one of the inflection point and the zero-crossing point, and to estimate bio-information based on the extracted feature.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating bio-information includes a sensor configured to measure a bio-signal from an object, and a processor configured to obtain a feature based on the measured bio-signal, obtain a bio-information variation based on the obtained feature, obtain an adjustment coefficient based on the obtained bio-information variation, and estimate the bio-information by applying the obtained adjustment coefficient to the obtained bio-information variation.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for estimating blood pressure are provided. The apparatus for estimating blood pressure includes: a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor configured to measure a PPG signal from an object; and a processor configured to: obtain a blood pressure variation for each of a plurality of blood pressure estimation models based on the PPG signal by using the plurality of blood pressure estimation models, obtain a combining coefficient for each of the plurality of blood pressure estimation models based on the obtained blood pressure variations, and estimate blood pressure by using the obtained combining coefficients.

Abstract: An apparatus for non-invasively estimating blood pressure is provided. Thee apparatus for estimating blood pressure may include a bio-signal measurer configured to measure a bio-signal from a user and a processor configured to estimate blood pressure using the measured bio-signal. The processor may extract a first feature and a second feature from the bio-signal at an extraction time, estimate changes in the first feature and the second feature which have occurred during a time period from a calibration time at which the first feature and the second feature are calibrated to the extraction time at which the first feature and the second feature are extracted, and estimate a blood pressure based on the changes in the first feature and the second feature.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating blood pressure is provided. The apparatus for estimating blood pressure may include: a bio-signal measurer configured to measure a bio-signal from a user; and a processor configured to extract one or more feature values from the bio-signal, to adjust a combination coefficient for combining the one or more feature values based on a reference value associated with vascular compliance, and to estimate blood pressure based on the adjusted combination coefficient, and the one or more feature values extracted from the bio-signal.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for non-invasively estimating bio-information by analyzing a pulse waveform. The apparatus for estimating bio-information according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes a processor configured to obtain a first characteristic point from a first pulse wave signal measured by a pulse wave sensor at a calibration time, obtain a second characteristic point from a second pulse wave signal measured by the pulse wave sensor at a bio-information estimation time, based on time information of the obtained first characteristic point, and estimate the bio-information of an object based on the obtained second characteristic point.

Abstract: An apparatus for non-invasively estimating blood pressure is provided. Thee apparatus for estimating blood pressure may include a bio-signal measurer configured to measure a bio-signal from a user and a processor configured to estimate blood pressure using the measured bio-signal. The processor may extract a first feature and a second feature from the bio-signal at an extraction time, estimate changes in the first feature and the second feature which have occurred during a time period from a calibration time at which the first feature and the second feature are calibrated to the extraction time at which the first feature and the second feature are extracted, and estimate a blood pressure based on the changes in the first feature and the second feature.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating blood pressure may include: a memory storing one or more instructions; and a processor configured to execute the one or more instructions to: extract a cardiac output (CO) feature, a first candidate total peripheral resistance (TPR) feature, and a second candidate TPR feature from a bio-signal; determine one of the first candidate TPR feature and the second candidate TPR feature as a TPR feature based on a direction of change in the CO feature and a direction of change in the first candidate TPR feature between a blood pressure measurement time and a calibration time; and estimate the blood pressure based on the TPR feature and the CO feature.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating blood pressure may include a sensor configured to measure a bio-signal from an object; and a processor configured to: obtain a cardiac output (CO) feature based on the bio-signal; obtain a total peripheral resistance (TPR) feature by combining an amplitude of a propagation wave component and amplitudes of at least two reflection wave components of the bio-signal, in response to a variation of the CO feature at a blood pressure measurement time relative to a calibration time, being within a predetermined range; obtain the TPR feature by combining the amplitude of the propagation wave component and an amplitude of one reflection wave component of the at least two reflection wave components, in response to the variation of the CO feature not being within the predetermined range; and estimate blood pressure based on the CO feature and the TPR feature.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for non-invasively estimating bio-information by analyzing a pulse waveform. The apparatus for estimating bio-information according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes a processor configured to obtain a first characteristic point from a first pulse wave signal measured by a pulse wave sensor at a calibration time, obtain a second characteristic point from a second pulse wave signal measured by the pulse wave sensor at a bio-information estimation time, based on time information of the obtained first characteristic point, and estimate the bio-information of an object based on the obtained second characteristic point.

Abstract: A method of a transmitter transmitting a packet encoded by applying a coding scheme based on a wireless channel environment to a receiver, and a method of the receiver detecting the coding scheme applied to the encoded packet and decoding the packet, in which the transmitter applies a spreading factor corresponding to the coding scheme to a preamble of the packet, and the receiver decodes the packet by detecting the coding scheme using the preamble.

Abstract: An apparatus for calibrating a bio-information estimation model is provided. The apparatus for calibrating a bio-information estimation model includes: a data obtainer configured to obtain at least one pulse wave signal; and a processor configured to extract a plurality of feature sets, each feature set including one or more features, from each of the at least one pulse wave signal, and configured to calibrate a bio-information estimation model based on a correlation distribution of the extracted plurality of feature sets.

Abstract: A method of extracting a representative waveform of a bio-signal includes receiving an input of the bio-signal; dividing the bio-signal into a plurality of sub-signals; selecting at least one sub-signal for extracting a representative waveform from among the divided sub-signals; extracting a representative waveform by using the at least one selected sub-signal; evaluating a quality of the extracted representative waveform; and based on the representative waveform satisfying a predetermined quality criterion corresponding to the evaluation, determining that the representative waveform is a final representative waveform.

Abstract: A method of evaluating quality of a bio-signal includes receiving an input bio-signal; setting a quality evaluation region in thebio-signal; dividing a signal of the quality evaluation region into a plurality of sub-signals; extracting a representative waveform by using the plurality of sub-signals; evaluating a quality of each sub-signal based on the representative waveform; and evaluating a quality of the signal in the quality evaluation region based on quality evaluation results of the plurality of sub-signals.

Abstract: An apparatus for calibration of a bio-information estimation model includes a sensor configured to obtain a bio-signal from an object in a reference interval; a feature extractor, implemented by at least one processor, configure to extract a reference feature value from the bio-signal; and a calibrator, implemented by the at least one processor, configured to determine whether a condition is satisfied based on at least one of the reference feature value and an offset value, and based on determining that the condition is satisfied, configured to calibrate the bio-information estimation model based on the reference feature value and the offset value.