Abstract: The overall arrangement of a large number of discrete objects may be optimized with relation to the function of or the space occupied by the arrangement by establishing a suitability measure, or score, for each configuration of the arrangement, in relation to the function of or volume occupied, generating random local changes in the arrangement, scoring the effect of the individual changes and subjecting all objects in the arrangement to a random series of incremental changes whose outcome is on average predictable. The procedure lends itself to computer simulation. It may be applied to sequencing and scheduling problems, bin packing types of problems and in complex design problems such as semiconductor chip placement, wiring network routing and logic partitioning.