Abstract: The present disclosure describes a method for forming metallization layers that include a ruthenium metal liner and a cobalt metal fill. The method includes depositing a first dielectric on a substrate having a gate structure and source/drain (S/D) structures, forming an opening in the first dielectric to expose the S/D structures, and depositing a ruthenium metal on bottom and sidewall surfaces of the opening. The method further includes depositing a cobalt metal on the ruthenium metal to fill the opening, reflowing the cobalt metal, and planarizing the cobalt and ruthenium metals to form S/D conductive structures with a top surface coplanar with a top surface of the first dielectric.

Abstract: A light-guide optical element is provided, including a transparent light-guide body having a first inclined surface and a second inclined surface disposed therein. The transparent light-guide body includes a side surface facing a first direction, and a first surface and a second surface which are adjacent to the side surface and face each other. The first inclined surface extends from the first surface to the second surface. The second inclined surface is located at the other side of the first inclined surface facing the side surface. The second inclined surface extends from the first surface to the second surface. When an input light enters the transparent light-guide body, the input light is partially reflected by the first inclined surface and the second inclined surface to form an output light output from the transparent light-guide body.

Abstract: A head up display device includes a pancake lens and a picture generation unit. The pancake lens includes a half mirror and a reflective polarizer. The half mirror has a light incident surface and a reflective surface. The reflective polarizer is disposed on the reflective surface and combined with the half mirror for forming a reflective space. The picture generation unit is disposed in the direction of the pancake lens opposite to the user's eyes. The picture generation unit generates image light and the image light enters the reflective space from the light incident surface. After the reflection, the image light is directed towards the user's eyes to form a virtual image. The optical path of the virtual image and the image light has a un-axis angle.

Abstract: A light-guide optical element is provided, including a transparent light-guide body having a first inclined surface and a second inclined surface disposed therein. The transparent light-guide body includes a side surface facing a first direction, and a first surface and a second surface which are adjacent to the side surface and face each other. The first inclined surface extends from the first surface to the second surface. The second inclined surface is located at the other side of the first inclined surface facing the side surface. The second inclined surface extends from the first surface to the second surface. When an input light enters the transparent light-guide body, the input light is partially reflected by the first inclined surface and the second inclined surface to form an output light output from the transparent light-guide body.

Abstract: An autofocus head mounted display device is provided, including an imager and an eyeball tracker. The imager includes a display element, an optical element and a controller. An image light is projected to one of the eyeballs of the user by the display element. The convergence or divergence of the image light is adjusted by the optical element through the controller. The image is presented at an imaging position in front of the eyeballs of the user. The eyeball tracker is disposed at the position in front of the user's eyes. Both left eye and right eye rotational angles are detected simultaneously, so as to determine a focus position of the user's eyes. The eyeball tracker is connected to the controller. The optical element is adjusted by comparing the imaging position and the focus position, and the imaging position of the image is moved to the focus position.

Abstract: An illumination system for providing an illumination beam to a light valve is provided. The illumination system includes a light source, a light integration rod, a color wheel, a first focusing unit and a second focusing unit. The light source is capable of generating the illumination beam, and the light integration rod is disposed on the transmission path of the illumination beam. The first focusing unit is disposed between the integration rod and the color wheel and is capable of focusing the illumination beam onto the color wheel. The second focusing unit is disposed between the color wheel and the light valve and is capable of focusing the illumination beam onto the light valve.

Abstract: A projection apparatus includes at least one light source, a field lens, a light valve, and a projection lens. The light source provides an illumination beam. The field lens is disposed in a transmission path of the illumination beam including an effective beam passing through the field lens and a ghost beam reflected by the field lens. The effective beam forms a light spot on the light valve capable of converting the effective beam into an image beam. The projection lens is disposed in a transmission path of the image beam and a ghost beam path of the ghost beam. A center of the light spot does not overlap a center of the light valve. An offset direction from the light valve to an optical axis of the projection lens is the same as a direction from the center of the light valve to the center of the light spot.

Abstract: A projection apparatus includes at least one light source, a field lens, a light valve, and a projection lens. The light source provides an illumination beam. The field lens is disposed in a transmission path of the illumination beam including an effective beam passing through the field lens and a ghost beam reflected by the field lens. The light valve converts the effective beam into an image beam. The projection lens includes a lens group, an aperture stop, and a light-shielding element. The lens group and the aperture stop are disposed in a transmission path of the image beam passing through the field lens and a ghost beam path of the ghost beam reflected by the field lens. The light-shielding element is disposed in at least a portion of the ghost beam path between the lens of the lens group furthest away from the aperture stop and the aperture stop.

Abstract: A color filtering device including a color filter, a plurality of polarization beam splitting units, a plurality of reflecting units, and a plurality of wave plates is provided. The color filter has a plurality of filtering parts and a plurality of light shielding parts alternately arranged thereon. Each of the polarization beam splitting units is disposed in front of one of the filtering parts and makes an angle with a corresponding filtering part. Each of the reflecting units is disposed in front of one of the light shielding parts and makes an angle with a corresponding light shielding part. Each of the wave plates is substantially parallel to one of the filtering parts. Each of the polarization beam splitting units is disposed between a pair of a wave plate and a filtering part. The color filtering device has both color filtering function and polarization conversion function.

Abstract: A laser projection system includes a plurality of laser light sources, a light combining module, an image generating module, a lens, a diffusion module. and a projection lens. The laser light sources are used to provide a plurality of light beams with different colors. The light combining module is disposed in the light path of the laser beams for mixing the laser beams to form a mixing light beam. The image generating module is disposed in the light path of the mixing light beam for receiving the mixing light beam to generate a first image. The lens is disposed in the light path of the first image and provides an imaging position. The first image passes through the lens to form a second image at the imaging position. The diffusion module includes a diffuser and an actuator. The projection lens projects the second image on a screen.

Abstract: A visual effect generating module for changing visual effects of a selected image block within an image area is disclosed. The visual effect generating module includes a color changing module for receiving and changing pixel values of a plurality of pixels within the selected image block and a first multiplexer coupled to the color changing module for selectively outputting pixels corresponding to the image area or pixels output from the color changing module.

Abstract: A method for recording a plurality of graphic objects is disclosed. Each graphic object includes at least one common parameter and at least one object data. The method includes recording the at least one common parameter corresponding to the plurality of graphic objects in a common parameter section; and respectively recording the at least one object data of the plurality of graphic objects in corresponding object sections; wherein the at least one common parameter and the at least one object data are utilized to describe characteristics of the graphic objects.

Abstract: A video processing apparatus includes: a line-based data encoder for performing line-based data encoding on an input signal to generate a line-based data encoded signal; and a video signal controller coupled to the line-based data encoder for receiving a first video signal and the line-based data encoded signal, decoding the line-based data encoded signal to generate a second video signal, and choosing one of the first and second video signals to generate an output signal.

Abstract: An image scaling method for calculating a pixel value of a target pixel within a scaled image block is disclosed. The method includes selecting a plurality of reference pixels from the image block, wherein each reference pixel has a pixel value and corresponds to a transparency parameter; respectively setting a corresponding weight value for each reference pixel; adjusting the weight values according to the transparency parameters of the reference pixels; and blending the pixel values of the reference pixels to generate the pixel value of the target pixel according to the adjusted weight values of the reference pixels.

Abstract: An illumination system including at least one first light source, a prism and a light uniforming device is provided. The first light source is capable of providing a first beam. The prism is disposed on a transmission path of the first beam, and has four first facets. Two of the first facets are opposite to each other, and the other two first facets are opposite to each other. The first beam passes through one of the first facets and is totally internally reflected by another first facet opposite to the one of the first facets. The light uniforming device is disposed on the transmission path of the first beam from the another first facet. The cost of the illumination system is lower, and the illumination system has high flexibility of the light source design and can provide illumination with high brightness.

Abstract: An illumination system including at least one first light source, a prism and a light uniforming device is provided. The first light source is capable of providing a first beam. The prism is disposed on a transmission path of the first beam, and has four first facets. Two of the first facets are opposite to each other, and the other two first facets are opposite to each other. The first beam passes through one of the first facets and is totally internally reflected by another first facet opposite to the one of the first facets. The light uniforming device is disposed on the transmission path of the first beam from the another first facet. The cost of the illumination system is lower, and the illumination system has high flexibility of the light source design and can provide illumination with high brightness.

Abstract: An optical engine including a beam splitting and combining system, which includes a first polarizing beam splitting (PBS) unit, a dichroic unit and a second PBS unit, is provided. A first color beam is reflected by the first PBS unit, is reflected by a first light valve, and passes through the first PBS unit sequentially. A second color beam passes through the first PBS unit, is reflected by a second light valve, and is reflected by the first PBS unit sequentially. The dichroic unit is disposed on an optical path of the first and second color beams. The second PBS unit is capable of allowing a third color beam to travel to a third light valve and allowing the third color beam reflected from the third light valve to travel to the dichroic unit. The dichroic unit is capable of combining the first, second and third color beams.

Abstract: A projection apparatus including an illumination system, a reflective light valve and an imaging system is provided. The illumination system emits an illumination beam. The reflective light valve is disposed on a transmission path of the illumination beam. The imaging system includes a first lens group, a polarization beam splitter and a second lens group. The first lens group is disposed on the transmission path of the illumination beam between the illumination system and the reflective light valve. The polarization beam splitter is disposed on the transmission path of the illumination beam between the illumination system and the first lens group. The polarization beam splitter permits the illumination beam to pass through and travel to the reflective light valve. The reflective light valve modulates the illumination beam to an image beam traveling to the polarization beam splitter. The polarization beam splitter reflects the image beam to the second lens group.

Abstract: An illumination system for providing an illumination beam to a light valve is provided. The illumination system includes a light source, a light integration rod, a color wheel, a first focusing unit and a second focusing unit. The light source is capable of generating the illumination beam, and the light integration rod is disposed on the transmission path of the illumination beam. The first focusing unit is disposed between the integration rod and the color wheel and is capable of focusing the illumination beam onto the color wheel. The second focusing unit is disposed between the color wheel and the light valve and is capable of focusing the illumination beam onto the light valve.

Abstract: A color filtering device including a color filter, a plurality of polarization beam splitting units, a plurality of reflecting units, and a plurality of wave plates is provided. The color filter has a plurality of filtering parts and a plurality of light shielding parts alternately arranged thereon. Each of the polarization beam splitting units is disposed in front of one of the filtering parts and makes an angle with a corresponding filtering part. Each of the reflecting units is disposed in front of one of the light shielding parts and makes an angle with a corresponding light shielding part. Each of the wave plates is substantially parallel to one of the filtering parts. Each of the polarization beam splitting units is disposed between a pair of a wave plate and a filtering part. The color filtering device has both color filtering function and polarization conversion function.