Abstract: A sensing chip structure of an optical scale reader includes a substrate having at least one conductive pad. The substrate has thereon a photosensitive chip. The photosensitive chip has at least one pin. The pins are each connected to a conductive pad by a conducting wire. A coded graphic layer is disposed on a side of the photosensitive chip, and the side of the photosensitive chip faces away from the substrate. The sensing chip structure is conducive to structural simplification and miniaturization of the optical scale reader.

Abstract: A sensing chip structure of an optical scale reader includes a substrate having at least one conductive pad. The substrate has thereon a photosensitive chip. The photosensitive chip has at least one pin. The pins are each connected to a conductive pad by a conducting wire. A coded graphic layer is disposed on a side of the photosensitive chip, and the side of the photosensitive chip faces away from the substrate. The sensing chip structure is conducive to structural simplification and miniaturization of the optical scale reader.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a two-dimensional displacement is disclosed and includes a laser light source, a collimator lens, a beam splitter, a plurality of staggered conjugate optic lens and a plurality of interference optical dephasing modules. The laser light source provides a laser light incident on the collimator lens to generate collimated laser beams. Each of the collimated laser beams are incident on the beam splitter to be separated into two incident beams and incident on a two-dimensional diffraction unit to generate a plurality of first diffracted beams and a plurality of second-order diffracted beams. The staggered conjugate optic lens are used to reflect the first diffracted beams so that the first diffracted beams return to the two-dimensional diffraction unit to generate a plurality of second diffracted beams where the second diffracted beams and the second-order diffracted beams generated as a result of the first diffraction of the beams stagger.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a two-dimensional displacement is disclosed and includes a laser light source, a collimator lens, a beam splitter, a plurality of staggered conjugate optic lens and a plurality of interference optical dephasing modules. The laser light source provides a laser light incident on the collimator lens to generate collimated laser beams. Each of the collimated laser beams are incident on the beam splitter to be separated into two incident beams and incident on a two-dimensional diffraction unit to generate a plurality of first diffracted beams and a plurality of second-order diffracted beams. The staggered conjugate optic lens are used to reflect the first diffracted beams so that the first diffracted beams return to the two-dimensional diffraction unit to generate a plurality of second diffracted beams where the second diffracted beams and the second-order diffracted beams generated as a result of the first diffraction of the beams stagger.

Abstract: A method for measuring two-dimensional displacement using conjugate optics comprises the steps of emitting an incident beam onto a diffraction element to generate many firstly diffracted beams, selecting two axially symmetric beams of the same order of diffraction from the firstly diffracted beams, introducing corresponding sets of wavefront reconstruction optics to reflect the two selected beams back onto the same incident spot along the same optical paths and to generate many secondly diffracted beams, selecting two axially symmetric pairs of beams of the same order of diffraction from the secondly diffracted beams, forming two interference fringes by superposing the two selected pairs of beams via corresponding mirrors and interferometric optics, and obtaining two linearly independent displacements of the diffraction element relative to the rest of the optics by decoding the two interference fringes.

Abstract: A method for measuring two-dimensional displacement using conjugate optics comprises the steps of emitting an incident beam onto a diffraction element to generate many firstly diffracted beams, selecting two axially symmetric beams of the same order of diffraction from the firstly diffracted beams, introducing corresponding sets of wavefront reconstruction optics to reflect the two selected beams back onto the same incident spot along the same optical paths and to generate many secondly diffracted beams, selecting two axially symmetric pairs of beams of the same order of diffraction from the secondly diffracted beams, forming two interference fringes by superposing the two selected pairs of beams via corresponding mirrors and interferometric optics, and obtaining two linearly independent displacements of the diffraction element relative to the rest of the optics by decoding the two interference fringes.

Abstract: A butt-coupling pumped single-mode solid-state laser is provided for generating a laser of single-transverse and single-longitudinal mode. The butt-coupling pumped single-mode solid-state laser includes: (1) a laser diode having an output facet for producing a pumping light; (2) a laser crystal immediately connected to the output facet of the laser diode with a specific length therebetween for generating an excited light at a fundamental wavelength in response to the pumping light; and (3) a mirror disposed away from the laser crystal with a specific distance for emanating a laser output.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the curvature radii of spherical and cylindrical surfaces is provided. The apparatus comprises a base, a probe and four ball rings of the same size, wherein the four ball rings are provided on the base and arranged into a square having a side length C. The probe is upward and downward movably mounted on the top surface of the base at the center of the square. There is also provided a method for measuring the curvature radii of spherical and cylindrical surfaces, wherein a ball-ring-distance is equal to C for the cylindrical surface or is equal to .sqroot.2C for the spherical surface.