Abstract: A method is for the generation of patterns for identifying faults in power supply systems. In this case, values characterizing a state of the power supply system are used for measurable variables specific to the power supply system for various times in a power supply system and values are determined for the variables specific to the power supply system via a model for the power supply system. In this case, the determination via a model is based on known system-specific input variables and unknown system-specific variables, and the unknown system-specific variables are determined in accordance with a fault-free functioning power supply system. Finally, a pattern for identifying faults is generated by forming the difference between the values characterizing the state and the values determined via the model for the various times.

Abstract: Position data received wirelessly from a vehicle enrolled in an inspection waiver program are employed to determine when the enrolled vehicle is approaching an inspection station. After determining that the enrolled vehicle is approaching an inspection station, and if the enrolled vehicle has a valid inspection waiver, a bypass confirmation can selectively be provided to the vehicle operator, authorizing the operator to bypass the inspection station. The task of determining when an enrolled vehicle is approaching the location of an inspection station can be performed using a processor disposed in the vehicle, or at a remote location separate from both the vehicle and the inspection station, or at the inspection station. The inspection stations can be mobile so that their locations are varied to prevent operators from intentionally avoiding an inspection, as may occur with fixed inspection stations.

Abstract: A method is for the generation of patterns for identifying faults in power supply systems. In this case, values characterizing a state of the power supply system are used for measurable variables specific to the power supply system for various times in a power supply system and values are determined for the variables specific to the power supply system via a model for the power supply system. In this case, the determination via a model is based on known system-specific input variables and unknown system-specific variables, and the unknown system-specific variables are determined in accordance with a fault-free functioning power supply system. Finally, a pattern for identifying faults is generated by forming the difference between the values characterizing the state and the values determined via the model for the various times.

Abstract: A method for controlling and/or closed-loop controlling an electric energy system. Empirical data are provided in a first data storage device for stabilizing the energy system, and a multi-dimensional decision matrix created with a data processing system in a second data storage device. The decision matrix respectively containing as a first dimension derived from the empirical data, system states of the energy system and in the energy system as a second dimension, possible results. Phasor measurement data for current and voltage with a high temporal resolution and a time stamp are obtained with phasor measuring devices distributed in the energy system and used to control the electric energy system. A system state and a result determined by the data processing system using the phasor measurement data and at least one step is selected and automatically carried out for securing the stability of the energy system.

Abstract: A method for computer-aided control of power in an electrical grid is provided. The electrical grid has a redetermined rated frequency and includes network nodes that are interconnected via power supply lines, each of the nodes supplying power to or drawing power from the electrical grid. At least part of the nodes are provided with proportional controllers, for which a reference power and/or a proportionality factor is set, and which control the power that is supplied or drawn by each network node based on the difference between the frequency of the voltage in each network node and the rated frequency of the electrical grid. The reference power and the proportionality factor of at least some of the proportional controllers are determined on the basis of solving an optimization problem. The stability and robustness of the operation of the electrical grid is optimized without the need for carrying out complex simulations.

Abstract: Position data received wirelessly from a vehicle enrolled in an inspection waiver program are employed to determine when the enrolled vehicle is approaching an inspection station. After determining that the enrolled vehicle is approaching an inspection station, and if the enrolled vehicle has a valid inspection waiver, a bypass confirmation can selectively be provided to the vehicle operator, authorizing the operator to bypass the inspection station. The task of determining when an enrolled vehicle is approaching the location of an inspection station can be performed using a processor disposed in the vehicle, or at a remote location separate from both the vehicle and the inspection station, or at the inspection station. The inspection stations can be mobile so that their locations are varied to prevent operators from intentionally avoiding an inspection, as may occur with fixed inspection stations.

Abstract: A method for controlling and/or closed-loop controlling an electric energy system. Empirical data are provided in a first data storage device for stabilizing the energy system, and a multi-dimensional decision matrix created with a data processing system in a second data storage device. The decision matrix respectively containing as a first dimension derived from the empirical data, system states of the energy system and in the energy system as a second dimension, possible results. Phasor measurement data for current and voltage with a high temporal resolution and a time stamp are obtained with phasor measuring devices distributed in the energy system and used to control the electric energy system. A system state and a result determined by the data processing system using the phasor measurement data and at least one step is selected and automatically carried out for securing the stability of the energy system.

Abstract: Position data received wirelessly from a vehicle enrolled in an inspection waiver program are employed to determine when the enrolled vehicle is approaching an inspection station. After determining that the enrolled vehicle is approaching an inspection station, and if the enrolled vehicle has a valid inspection waiver, a bypass confirmation can selectively be provided to the vehicle operator, authorizing the operator to bypass the inspection station. The task of determining when an enrolled vehicle is approaching the location of an inspection station can be performed using a processor disposed in the vehicle, or at a remote location separate from both the vehicle and the inspection station, or at the inspection station. The inspection stations can be mobile so that their locations are varied to prevent operators from intentionally avoiding an inspection, as may occur with fixed inspection stations.

Abstract: A method for computer-aided control of power in an electrical grid is provided. The electrical grid has a redetermined rated frequency and includes network nodes that are interconnected via power supply lines, each of the nodes supplying power to or drawing power from the electrical grid. At least part of the nodes are provided with proportional controllers, for which a reference power and/or a proportionality factor is set, and which control the power that is supplied or drawn by each network node based on the difference between the frequency of the voltage in each network node and the rated frequency of the electrical grid. The reference power and the proportionality factor of at least some of the proportional controllers are determined on the basis of solving an optimization problem. The stability and robustness of the operation of the electrical grid is optimized without the need for carrying out complex simulations.

Abstract: Connection-oriented services for packet switched data communications networks are provided, including distributed MAC and protocol alias addresses discovery. Link state topology exchanges provide each switch with network topology graphs to determine paths from source to destination end systems. Broadcast frames are resolved to unicast frames to reduce broadcast traffic. Policy restrictions may be applied prior to connection setup. Connection management includes source-routed mapping of connections on the desired path. Distributed call rerouting is provided so switches receive topology change notifications and unmap failed link connections. Broadcast/unknown services provide non-resolvable packet restricted flooding. Connection-oriented switching is provided based on source and destination MAC addresses. Resolution of networks outside the switch domain is enabled by listening for network and server route advertisements and maintaining best routes to the networks and servers.

Abstract: Connection-oriented services for packet switched data communications networks are provided, including distributed MAC and protocol alias addresses discovery. Link state topology exchanges provide each switch with network topology graphs to determine paths from source to destination end systems. Broadcast frames are resolved to unicast frames to reduce broadcast traffic. Policy restrictions may be applied prior to connection setup. Connection management includes source-routed mapping of connections on the desired path. Distributed call rerouting is provided so switches receive topology change notifications and unmap failed link connections. Broadcast/unknown services provide non-resolvable packet restricted flooding. Connection-oriented switching is provided based on source and destination MAC addresses. Resolution of networks outside the switch domain is enabled by listening for network and server route advertisements and maintaining best routes to the networks and servers.

Abstract: Connection-oriented services for packet switched data communications networks are provided, including distributed MAC and protocol alias addresses discovery. Link state topology exchanges provide each switch with network topology graphs to determine paths from source to destination end systems. Broadcast frames are resolved to unicast frames to reduce broadcast traffic. Policy restrictions may be applied prior to connection setup. Connection management includes source-routed mapping of connections on the desired path. Distributed call rerouting is provided so switches receive topology change notifications and unmap failed link connections. Broadcast/unknown services provide non-resolvable packet restricted flooding. Connection-oriented switching is provided based on source and destination MAC addresses. Resolution of networks outside the switch domain is enabled by listening for network and server route advertisements and maintaining best routes to the networks and servers.

Abstract: Method and apparatus providing connection-oriented services for packet switched data communications networks. Directory services include distributed discovery of MAC addresses and protocol alias addresses. Topology services include a link state topology exchange among switches, which provides each switch with a complete topology graph of the network. This enables an access switch receiving a data packet to determine a complete path from a source end system to a destination end system. Another service includes resolution of broadcast frames to unicast frames, in order to reduce the amount of broadcast traffic. Policy restrictions may be applied prior to connection setup. Path determination services enable multiple paths from a source to a destination. Connection management includes source routed mapping of connections on the desired path.

Abstract: Method and apparatus providing connection-oriented services for packet switched data communications networks. Directory services include distributed discovery of MAC addresses and protocol alias addresses. Topology services include a link state topology exchange among switches, which provides each switch with a complete topology graph of the network. This enables an access switch receiving a data packet to determine a complete path from a source end system to a destination end system. Another service includes resolution of broadcast frames to unicast frames, in order to reduce the amount of broadcast traffic. Policy restrictions may be applied prior to connection setup. Path determination services enable multiple paths from a source to a destination. Connection management includes source routed mapping of connections on the desired path.

Abstract: Method and apparatus providing connection-oriented services for packet switched data communications networks. Directory services include distributed discovery of MAC addresses and protocol alias addresses. Topology services include a link state topology exchange among switches, which provides each switch with a complete topology graph of the network. This enables an access switch receiving a data packet to determine a complete path from a source end system to a destination end system. Another service includes resolution of broadcast frames to unicast frames, in order to reduce the amount of broadcast traffic. Policy restrictions may be applied prior to connection setup. Path determination services enable multiple paths from a source to a destination. Connection management includes source routed mapping of connections on the desired path.

Abstract: Method and apparatus providing connection-oriented services for packet switched data communications networks. Directory services include distributed discovery of MAC addresses and protocol alias addresses. Topology services include a link state topology exchange among switches, which provides each switch with a complete topology graph of the network. This enables an access switch receiving a data packet to determine a complete path from a source end system to a destination end system. Another service includes resolution of broadcast frames to unicast frames, in order to reduce the amount of broadcast traffic. Policy restrictions may be applied prior to connection setup. Path determination services enable multiple paths from a source to a destination. Connection management includes source routed mapping of connections on the desired path.

Abstract: Method and apparatus providing connection-oriented services for packet switched data communications networks. Directory services include distributed discovery of MAC addresses and protocol alias addresses. Topology services include a link state topology exchange among switches, which provides each switch with a complete topology graph of the network. This enables an access switch receiving a data packet to determine a complete path from a source end system to a destination end system. Another service includes resolution of broadcast frames to unicast frames, in order to reduce the amount of broadcast traffic. Policy restrictions may be applied prior to connection setup. Path determination services enable multiple paths from a source to a destination. Connection management includes source routed mapping of connections on the desired path.

Abstract: Method and apparatus providing connection-oriented services for packet switched data communications networks. Directory services include distributed discovery of MAC addresses and protocol alias addresses. Topology services include a link state topology exchange among switches, which provides each switch with a complete topology graph of the network. This enables an access switch receiving a data packet to determine a complete path from a source end system to a destination end system. Another service includes resolution of broadcast frames to unicast frames, in order to reduce the amount of broadcast traffic. Policy restrictions may be applied prior to connection setup. Path determination services enable multiple paths from a source to a destination. Connection management includes source routed mapping of connections on the desired path.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for establishing "virtual connections" through a packet switched data communications network, the network including a plurality of end systems and switches connected by links. Each end system has a unique physical layer address and each switch has a connection database of valid connections between different ports on the switch and a switching mechanism for establishing temporary connections. Each switch is registered with a connection server such that, prior to transmission of a connectionless datagram from a first end system to a second end system, a path of valid connections through one or more switches from the first end system to the second end system is determined by configuring the connection table of each switch on the path with a connection identifier identified by the physical layer addresses of the first and second end systems, and wherein the data packet remains as a connectionless datagram.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for establishing "virtual connections" through a packet switched data communications network, the network including a plurality of end systems and switches connected by links. Each end system has a unique physical layer address and each switch has a connection database of valid connections between different ports on the switch and a switching mechanism for establishing temporary connections. Each switch is registered with a connection server such that, prior to transmission of a connectionsless datagram from a first end system to a second end system, a path of valid remains as a connectionless datagram. In other aspects, an improved method is provided for allocating bandwidth among competing devices requesting access to a bandwidth limited shared resource (e.g., the previously defined switch), and to a search method for making a best path determination through the network based on a number of constraints.