Abstract: In some implementations, the system may include a plurality of wheel speed sensors, each of the plurality of wheel speed sensors being configured to monitor the speed of a respective wheel of a vehicle. In addition, the system may include a central electronic control unit. The system may include a plurality of controlling devices, each of the plurality of controlling devices being communicatively coupled to at least one wheel speed sensor of the plurality of wheel speed sensors. Moreover, the system may include a central electronic control unit communicatively coupled to each of the plurality of controlling devices via a network connection and configured to process data received from each of the controlling devices.

Abstract: Described here is a method for determining the mean length of filaments formed on rotational atomization of a coating material composition, the method including atomization of the coating material composition by means of a rotational atomizer including as application element a bell cup capable of a rotation (1), optical capture of the filaments formed here at the bell cup edge, by means of at least one camera (2), and digital evaluation of the optical data obtained in this way, to give the mean filament length of those filaments formed on atomization that are located at the edge of the bell cup (3), as well as methods for compiling an electronic database and for screening coating material compositions when developing paint formulations.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for determining a drop size distribution within a spray and/or a homogeneity of this spray, the spray being formed on atomization of a coating material composition, which includes atomization of the coating material composition by means of an atomizer, the atomization producing a spray, optical capture of the drops of the spray formed, by a traversing optical measurement (2), and determination of at least one characteristic variable of the drop size distribution within the spray and/or of the homogeneity of the spray, on the basis of optical data obtained as per step (2). Also described herein are methods for compiling an electronic database and for screening coating material compositions when developing paint formulations, carried out on the basis of the method.

Abstract: Described herein is a method for producing at least one coating (B1) on a substrate, including provision of a coating material composition (BZ1) (1), determination of at least one characteristic variable of a drop size distribution within a spray formed on atomization of the coating material composition (BZ1), and/or of the homogeneity of this spray (2), reduction of the at least one characteristic variable and/or homogeneity of the spray (3), application of at least the coating material composition (BZ1) obtained after step (3), to a substrate, to form at least one film (F1) (4), and physical curing, chemical curing and/or radiation curing at least of the at least one film (F1) formed on the substrate by application of (BZ1), to produce the coating (B1) on the substrate. Also described herein is a coating (B1) located on a substrate and obtainable by means of this method.

Abstract: Described herein is a method for producing at least one coating (B1) on a substrate, including provision of a coating material composition (BZ1) (1), determination of a mean filament length of filaments formed on rotational atomization of the coating material composition (BZ1) provided as per step (1) (2), reduction of the determined mean filament length (3), application of at least the coating material composition (BZ1) obtained after step (3), with reduced mean filament length, to a substrate, to form at least one film (F1) (4), and physical curing, chemical curing and/or radiation curing at least of the at least one film (F1) formed on the substrate as per step (4), to produce the coating (B1) on the substrate (5). Also described herein is a coating (B1) located on a substrate and obtainable by means of this method.

Abstract: A heuristic process for color formula calculation of pigmented shades matched to a target shade, comprising the steps of i) using suitable calibration scales to compile an effect matrix for each of the ingredients included in a coloring system, ii) determining the optical materials parameters of the target shade, iii) selecting a suitable starting formula, iv) determining the color difference between the starting formula and the target shade, v) calculating a first matched color formula while taking account of the effect matrices, vi) repeating steps iv) and v) until an acceptable remaining color difference is reached, wherein the effect matrices are continually updated with shade-relevant information during ongoing operation, achieves an improvement on the existing processes for shade formula calculation, not only in terms of reducing the number of tinting steps needed but also in terms of minimizing the remaining color difference.

Abstract: A method that is suitable for modelling and simulating optical properties in special effect paints which contain pigments with isotropic light-scattering properties and pigments with anisotropic light-scattering properties, and the effect-producing substances form at least one layer of material or coat of paint on a suitable substrate. The method is characterised in that the isotropically light-scattering pigments and the anisotropically light-scattering pigments are virtually separated such that the isotropically light-scattering pigments virtually form the layer of material and the anisotropically light-scattering pigments are virtually arranged on the edge surfaces of the layer of material. The optical properties of the virtual layer of material of the isotropically light-scattering pigments are determined by linear differential equations and the optical properties of the anisotropically light-scattering pigments are taken into consideration as boundary conditions, by means of specific effect operators.

Abstract: A heuristic process for color formula calculation of pigmented shades matched to a target shade, comprising the steps of i) using suitable calibration scales to compile an effect matrix for each of the ingredients included in a coloring system, determining the optical materials parameters of the target shade, iii) selecting a suitable starting formula, iv) determining the color difference between the starting formula and the target shade, v) calculating a first matched color formula while taking account of the effect matrices, vi) repeating steps iv) and v) until an acceptable remaining color difference is reached, wherein the effect matrices are continually updated with shade-relevant information during ongoing operation, achieves an improvement on the existing processes for shade formula calculation, not only in terms of reducing the number of tinting steps needed but also in terms of minimizing the remaining color difference.

Abstract: A method of preparing effect pigment color formulas matched to a color original, comprising the steps of (a) producing a calibration series for each pigment included in the coloring system of an effect pigment color original, (b) experimentally determining the reflectances R? of the color original and of the calibration series, (c) calculating the optical parameters of the color original and of the constituents of the coloring system, (d) selecting a suitable starting formula, (e) determining the residual color difference between the starting formula and the color original, (f) producing a first matched color formula, (g) and repeating steps (e) and (f) until the residual color difference between the matched color formula and the color original is acceptable, which involves (i) transforming the reflectances R? of the color original and of the calibration series by means of a suitable mathematical function such that all of the transformed reflectances R?? lie between 0 and 1, and (ii) calculating the optical

Abstract: A method that is suitable for modelling and simulating optical properties in special effect paints which contain pigments with isotropic light-scattering properties and pigments with anisotropic light-scattering properties, and the effect-producing substances form at least one layer of material or coat of paint on a suitable substrate. The method is also suitable for reproducing a shade of colour of a colour template of a special effect paint of this kind, by determining and comparing the optical properties of the colour template and a formulation of a paint mock-up, so that using the comparison a correction can be made to the formulation for the paint mock-up and the shades of colour of the colour template and paint mock-up can be matched.