Abstract: The invention discloses novel solutions in fuel cell technology that are based upon advances in nanotechnology. The solutions relate to the use of an embedded plurality of nanostructures in a fuel cell, to the nanostructures micro- to nano-positions with respect to each other, to tuned nanostructure properties to energy sources and nanotechnology effects. Such proposed solutions lead to more effective electrochemical reactions, to better generation/diffusion of ions, electrons, and reaction products at the reaction sites, to better “burning” of fuels, to reduced fuel cross-over effects, to more robust the fuel cell, to significant increased production of electricity in the proposed fuel cells, and to other beneficial effects.