Abstract: Disclosed is a method of metrology. The method comprises illuminating a radiation onto a substrate; obtaining measurement data relating to at least one measurement of each of one or more structures on the substrate; using a Fourier-related transform to transform the measurement data into a transformed measurement data; and extracting a feature of the substrate from the transformed measurement data, or eliminating an impact of a nuisance parameter.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for determining an intensity profile of a radiation beam. The method comprises providing a diffraction structure, causing a relative movement of the diffraction structure relative to the radiation beam from a first position, wherein the radiation beam does not irradiate the diffraction structure to a second position, wherein the radiation beam irradiates the diffraction structure, measuring, with a radiation detector, diffracted radiation signals produced from a diffraction of the radiation beam by the diffraction structure as the diffraction structure transitions from the first position to the second position or vice versa, and determining an intensity profile of the radiation beam based on the measured diffracted radiation signals.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for determining an intensity profile of a radiation beam. The method comprises providing a diffraction structure, causing relative movement of the diffraction structure relative to the radiation beam from a first position wherein the radiation beam does not irradiate the diffraction structure to a second position wherein the radiation beam irradiates the diffraction structure, measuring, with a radiation detector, diffracted radiation signals produced from diffraction of the radiation beam by the diffraction structure as the diffraction structure transitions from the first position to the second position or vice versa, and determining the intensity profile of the radiation beam based on the measured diffracted radiation signals.

Abstract: Disclosed are food compositions, comprising aqueous extracts of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) and/or its active principle rosmarinic acid. Methods of preparing a food composition, and of making a medicament, both methods comprising rosmarinic acid and/or aqueous extracts of Melissa officinalis, are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a composition for the use to increase joint stability or postural stability, wherein said composition comprises branched chain amino acids. It is further directed to the use of branched chain amino acids for the preparation of a food supplement or medicament for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of joint and/or postural instability.

Abstract: Disclosed are food compositions, comprising aqueous extracts of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) and/or its active principle rosmarinic acid. Methods of preparing a food composition, and of making a medicament, both methods comprising rosmarinic acid and/or aqueous extracts of Melissa officinalis, are also disclosed.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to the use of esters of unsaturated, physiologically active fatty acids as nutrient media for cell cultivation and, more particularly, as a substitute for foetal bovine serum. In one aspect, the esters comprise more than 50 mol-% of physiologically active fatty acids containing 16 to 24 carbon atoms and 2 to 5 double bonds as the acid component and a lower C1-4 alcohol, preferably ethanol, or a sterol as ester component. In another aspect, the esters comprise a transesterification product of natural or synthetic oils or a mixture of such oils having greater than 50 mol-% of unsaturated, physiologically active fatty acids, based on the acyl group, and a lower C1-4 alcohol or a sterol. In a further aspect, the esters are used together with sterols, phospholipids and/or vegetable proteins or are liposomally encapsulated.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to the use of esters of unsaturated, physiologically active fatty acids as nutrient media for cell cultivation and, more particularly, as a substitute for foetal bovine serum. In one aspect, the esters comprise more than 50 mol-% of physiologically active fatty acids containing 16 to 24 carbon atoms and 2 to 5 double bonds as the acid component and a lower C1-4 alcohol, preferably ethanol, or a sterol as ester component. In another aspect, the esters comprise a transesterification product of natural or synthetic oils or a mixture of such oils having greater than 50 mol-% of unsaturated, physiologically active fatty acids, based on the acyl group, and a lower C1-4 alcohol or a sterol. In a further aspect, the esters are used together with sterols, phospholipids and/or vegetable proteins or are liposomally encapsulated.