Abstract: Provided herein are titanium alloys that can achieve a combination of high strength and high toughness or elongation, and a method to produce the alloys. By tolerating iron, oxygen, and other incidental elements and impurities, the alloys enable the use of lower quality scrap as raw materials. The alloys are castable and can form ?-phase laths in a basketweave morphology by a commercially feasible heat treatment that does not require hot-working or rapid cooling rates. The alloys comprise, by weight, about 3.0% to about 6.0% aluminum, 0% to about 1.5% tin, about 2.0% to about 4.0% vanadium, about 0.5% to about 4.5% molybdenum, about 1.0% to about 2.5% chromium, about 0.20% to about 0.55% iron, 0% to about 0.35% oxygen, 0% to about 0.007% boron, and 0% to about 0.60% other incidental elements and impurities, the balance of weight percent comprising titanium. There exists an unmet need to produce titanium alloys for use in aerospace applications which have a refined equiaxed grain structure.

Abstract: A heating rock for use with smoking or vaping paraphernalia such as a smoking pipe. The heating rock includes a porous body having a hollow interior including first and second interior regions for holding smokable or vaping material, and a closed bottom. The porous body includes a plurality of pores, or vesicles having different shapes and dimensions that are randomly formed to absorb heat generated by an external heating source. The porous body effectively absorbs heat, and gradually and evenly distributes heat in a controlled manner to the smokable or vaping material to produce a gaseous vapor for human consumption. The heating rock is compatible for use with heat sensitive concentrates that can be heated slowly without burning or combusting quickly. In one embodiment, the heating rock includes a plurality of channels that each are formed within the porous body to allow air to circulate more effectively during use.

Abstract: A rock insert for use with smoking or vaping paraphernalia such as a smoking pipe. The rock insert includes a porous body having an interior including first and second interior regions for holding smokable or vaping material, and a closed bottom. The porous body includes a plurality of pores, or vesicles having different shapes and dimensions that are randomly formed to absorb heat generated by an external heating source. The porous body effectively absorbs heat, and gradually and evenly distributes heat in a controlled manner to the smokable or vaping material to produce a gaseous vapor for human consumption. The rock insert is compatible for use with heat sensitive concentrates that can be heated slowly without burning or combusting quickly.

Abstract: Provided herein are titanium alloys that can achieve a combination of high strength and high toughness or elongation, and a method to produce the alloys. By tolerating iron, oxygen, and other incidental elements and impurities, the alloys enable the use of lower quality scrap as raw materials. The alloys are castable and can form ?-phase laths in a basketweave morphology by a commercially feasible heat treatment that does not require hot-working or rapid cooling rates. The alloys comprise, by weight, about 3.0% to about 6.0% aluminum, 0% to about 1.5% tin, about 2.0% to about 4.0% vanadium, about 0.5% to about 4.5% molybdenum, about 1.0% to about 2.5% chromium, about 0.20% to about 0.55% iron, 0% to about 0.35% oxygen, 0% to about 0.007% boron, and 0% to about 0.60% other incidental elements and impurities, the balance of weight percent comprising titanium. There exists an unmet need to produce titanium alloys for use in aerospace applications which have a refined equiaxed grain structure.