Abstract: A device for calibrating retinoscopes for diverging and/or converging streak and spot retinoscopy and a method for calibrating retinoscopes to produce a given convergence or divergence of light emitted from the retinoscope from a fixed retinoscopic working distance to produce a predetermined pupillary reflex endpoint at neutralization of a refractive error, thereby resulting in a more accurate corrective eye prescriptions and evaluation of the visual system.

Abstract: A device for calibrating retinoscopes for diverging and/or converging streak and spot retinoscopy and a method for calibrating retinoscopes to produce a given convergence or divergence of light emitted from the retinoscope from a fixed retinoscopic working distance to produce a predetermined pupillary reflex endpoint at neutralization of a refractive error, thereby resulting in a more accurate corrective eye prescriptions and evaluation of the visual system.

Abstract: A device for calibrating retinoscopes for diverging and/or converging streak and spot retinoscopy and a method for calibrating retinoscopes to produce a given convergence or divergence of light emitted from the retinoscope from a fixed retinoscopic working distance to produce a predetermined pupillary reflex endpoint at neutralization of a refractive error, thereby resulting in a more accurate corrective eye prescriptions and evaluation of the visual system.

Abstract: A device for calibrating retinoscopes for diverging and/or converging streak and spot retinoscopy and a method for calibrating retinoscopes to produce a given convergence or divergence of light emitted from the retinoscope from a fixed retinoscopic working distance to produce a predetermined pupillary reflex endpoint at neutralization of a refractive error, thereby resulting in a more accurate corrective eye prescriptions and evaluation of the visual system.

Abstract: Techniques and retinoscopic apparatus for measuring or determining a patient's optical error are disclosed. The techniques include overrefraction and can be performed from a fixed position, avoiding the practitioner's need to move back and forth relative to the patient's eye. Equipment associated with the apparatus is adapted to record the location of the retinoscope slide (relative to its upper or lower position) during the examination to provide information concerning the optical error present in the patient's eye. Other associated equipment can include discs of spherical lenses and devices for limiting relative movement of components of the retinoscopic apparatus. Alternatively, the apparatus may include a scale graduated in suitable units for determining the patient's optical error.

Abstract: Techniques and retinoscopic apparatus for measuring or determining a patient's optical error are disclosed. The techniques include overrefraction and can be performed from a fixed position, avoiding the practitioner's need to move back and forth relative to the patient's eye. Equipment associated with the apparatus is adapted to record the location of the retinoscope slide (relative to its upper or lower position) during the examination to provide information concerning the optical error present in the patient's eye. Other associated equipment can include discs of spherical lenses and devices for limiting relative movement of components of the retinoscopic apparatus.

Abstract: Techniques and retinoscopic apparatus for measuring or determining a patient's optical error are disclosed. The techniques include overrefraction and can be performed from a fixed position, avoiding the practitioner's need to move back and forth relative to the patient's eye. Equipment associated with the apparatus is adapted to record the location of the retinoscope slide (relative to its upper or lower position) during the examination to provide information concerning the optical error present in the patient's eye.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for measuring or determining refractive errors are disclosed. In some embodiments the invention includes two bars, each containing multiple lenses positioned longitudinally along the bar, and a collar adapted to constrain relative movement of the bars. Moving, or sliding, the bars and collar positions various lenses in the patient's line of sight, permitting the patient to determine which combination produces the best vision. If asymmetrical lenses are included in either bar, rotating the appropriate lens (either directly or by rotating the bar) provides additional information concerning the optimal refractive correction. The collar or bar may further comprise an indicator for signifying the angular rotation of any asymmetrical lens positioned along the patient's line of sight.

Abstract: Apparatus and techniques for measuring and determining the crossed cylinder powers and axes obtained through independent rotation of cylinder lenses are disclosed. Degree scales associated with each lens provide angular measurements for use in connection with a chart or similar apparatus, and in some embodiments determination of the resulting crossed cylinder powers and angles made be made directly from markings included on alternatively designed scales. Unlike many other refractive devices, however, which require use of a digital computer to determine the resulting crossed cylinder power and axis of multiple lenses, the present invention allows such a determination to be made merely by manipulating the positions of the lenses (and viewing entries on the chart as appropriate) and performing simple mathematical operations on the values obtained.

Abstract: Trial frames including two independently rotatable cells alignable with each eye are disclosed. Each set of cells is designed to house a pair of either cylinder, polarized, prism, crossed cylinder or sphero-cylinder lenses as appropriate for correcting optical errors such as astigmatism, macular defects, or diplopia. Because the lenses associated with the cells are designed to rotate independently, no synchorinized gear mechanism is required. Moreover, because axes throughout the entire visual field may be generated using independent rotation of two lenses, the batteries of trial lenses used in connection with conventional trial frames need not be used. Adjustable spectacles and an alternative lens system also are disclosed. The adjustable spectacles are particularly useful for persons whose refractive error is changing relatively rapidly over a short period of time (such as persons recovering from cataract surgery) and who therefore cannot practically use conventional glasses or contact lenses.

Abstract: A new lens system and method of use for otherwise conventional refractors comprising a five-lens, variable crossed cylinder lens attachment and selectable fixed crossed cylinders which may be placed in the examining optical path. The variable crossed cylinder lens attachment includes two pairs of counter rotating cylinder lenses, each of which may be manipulated independent of the other, and a stationary sphere lens. The assembly also is connected to a computer so that the measurement of astigmatism may be made automatically. In addition, refractive techniques utilizing the disclosed crossed cylinder lens systems are described.

Abstract: A new lens system and method of use for otherwise conventional refractors comprising a synchronized, three-lens, variable crossed cylinder lens attachment and selectable fixed crossed cylinders which may be placed in the examining optical path. The synchronized, variable crossed cylinder lens attachment replaces the Jackson crossed cylinder lens and rotates in step with rotation of the cylinder lens axis. Batteries of strong and weak crossed cylinder lenses replace the strong and weak cylinder lenses of conventional refractors. Refractive techniques utilizing the disclosed crossed cylinder lens systems are also described.

Abstract: A new lens system and method of use for otherwise conventional refractors comprising a synchronized, variable crossed cylinder lens attachment and selectable fixed crossed cylinders which may be placed in the examining optical path. The synchronized, variable crossed cylinder lens attachment replaces the Jackson crossed cylinder lens and rotates in step with rotation of the cylinder lens axis. Batteries of strong and weak crossed cylinder lenses replace the strong and weak cylinder lenses of conventional refractors. Refractive techniques utilizing the disclosed crossed cylinder lens systems are also described.