Abstract: There are provided, inter alia, methods for reacting an enzyme and its substrate, methods for purifying a protein and an enzyme reactor and its use thereof.

Abstract: A method of improving protein functionality includes obtaining a protein such as protein contained within exclusion bodies contained within bacteria or yeast used for the recombinant expression of the protein. The exclusion bodies are solubilized using a chaotropic agent such as guanidine or urea. The protein is then subject to denaturation conditions and optionally purified. A liquid containing the denatured protein is loaded into a vessel that is angled relative to horizontal. The vessel is then rotated in the angled configuration at a rate within that is less than 10,000 RPM for period of time. Refolded protein is formed by the high shear conditions formed in the thin film of fluid formed in the inner surface of the rotating vessel. Refolding can be performed in a batch mode or a continuous mode. The process may be scaled up for industrial applications by using multiple vessels.

Abstract: There are provided, inter alia, methods for reacting an enzyme and its substrate, methods for purifying a protein and an enzyme reactor and its use thereof.

Abstract: A method of improving protein functionality includes obtaining a protein such as protein contained within exclusion bodies contained within bacteria or yeast used for the recombinant expression of the protein. The exclusion bodies are solubilized using a chaotropic agent such as guanidine or urea. The protein is then subject to denaturation conditions and optionally purified. A liquid containing the denatured protein is loaded into a vessel that is angled relative to horizontal. The vessel is then rotated in the angled configuration at a rate within that is less than 10,000 RPM for period of time. Refolded protein is formed by the high shear conditions formed in the thin film of fluid formed in the inner surface of the rotating vessel. Refolding can be performed in a batch mode or a continuous mode. The process may be scaled up for industrial applications by using multiple vessels.

Abstract: A thin film tube reactor comprising a tube having a longitudinal axis, an inner cylindrical surface, a closed end and an open end, wherein the tube is rotatable about the longitudinal axis and wherein the angle of the longitudinal axis relative to the horizontal is variable between about 0 degrees and about 90 degrees.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of calix[n]arene derivatives, in particular phosphonated calix[n]arenes. The present invention also relates to nano-structures of phosphonated calix[n]arenes.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of calix[n]arene derivatives, in particular phosphonated calix[n]arenes. The present invention also relates to nano-structures of phosphonated calix[n]arenes.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of purifying afullerenes by recrystallization of a fullerene-complexing agent complex and to a fullerene-complexing agent complex.