Abstract: An internal combustion engine has a cylinder head with a combustion chamber defined by a depression in the head. The raised face surface of a piston extends into the combustion chamber in the cylinder head as the piston approaches top dead center, and creates turbulent squish currents within the chamber as closely matching surfaces on the piston face and on the walls of the combustion chamber in the head force gases out from between these surfaces. The turbulence helps to prevent autoignition and allows higher compression ratios than would otherwise be possible.

Abstract: A valve for an internal combustion engine has a stem and head with differing diameters for the stem and the upper portion of the head. A radially irregular blend region placed between the stem and upper head is aligned to have a slight runout, that is, the axis of the blend region is not coaxial with the axes of the stem and head. The blend region is positioned on the valve to be below the valve guide when the valve is closed and in the flowpath of the fuel mixture when the valve is open. The radially irregular blend region creates additional turbulence which focuses the fuel mixture into the opening between the open valve head and cylinder head, thereby increasing the velocity of the fuel through the opening. In addition, a post in the fuel passageway deflects the fuel around the wider portion of the valve head.