Abstract: An apparatus is described for moving a probe (12) that engages moving living tissue such as a heart or an artery that is penetrated by the probe, which moves the probe in synchronism with the tissue to maintain the probe at a constant location with respect to the tissue. The apparatus includes a servo positioner (18) which moves a servo member (20) to maintain a constant distance from a sensed object (30) while applying very little force to the sensed object, and a follower (26) having a stirrup (28) at one end resting on a surface of the living tissue and another end carrying a sensed object (30) adjacent to the servo member. A probe holder (34) has one end mounted on the servo member (20) and another end which holds the probe (12). The probe is held adjacent to the stirrup (28) of the follower assembly, so that movements of the tissue and therefore of the follower assembly (26) result in corresponding movement of the probe (12) to follow the surface of the tissue.

Abstract: A transducer is described for simultaneously measuring several parameters of a small region of a muscle tissue or other object, with minimal traumatizing or damage of the object. A trifunctional transducer which can measure the force applied by a muscle fiber, the displacement of the fiber, and the change in thickness of the fiber, includes a device having three legs with inner ends joined together and outer ends formed to pierce the tissue and lie therein. Two of the legs are relatively stiff, to measure force applied by the tissue, and a third leg is relatively flexible to measure displacement of the tissue relative to one or both stiff legs, and with the three legs lying in a common plane so that the force and displacement measurements all relate to the same direction of muscle movement.

Abstract: A myocardial transducer for simultaneously measuring force and displacement within a very small area of myocardium comprising an elongated body forked at one end to form an inverted Y-shaped beam, each branch of the beam constituting a low-compliant tine for penetrating the myocardium to a predetermined depth. Each tine has a transverse indentation formed around at least a part of it. When the tines are inserted into a heart, the surface membrane of the myocardium closes around the indentations to hold the tines in place. Bonded to one of the low-compliance tines is a small piezoresistive element for converting a force acting on the beam into an electrical signal. A third high-compliant tine of the transducer, which measures displacement of the myocardium in a direction in line with the two low-compliant tines, is of a length that just pierces the surface membrane. A small piezoresistive element is bonded to the third tine at its upper end where its bending is greatest.

Abstract: An arrangement for and method of inserting a glass microelectrode having a tip in the micron range into body tissue is disclosed. The arrangement includes a microelectrode. The top of the microelectrode is attached to the diaphragm center of a first speaker. The microelectrode tip is brought into contact with the tissue by controlling a micromanipulator. Thereafter, an audio signal is applied to the speaker to cause the microelectrode to vibrate and thereby pierce the tissue surface without breaking the microelectrode tip. Thereafter, the tip is inserted into the tissue to the desired depth by operating the micromanipulator with the microelectrode in a vibratory or non-vibratory state. A mechanism including a second speaker disclosed. Such mechanism is useful to sense tissue motion to control the microelectrode position with respect thereto substantially constant.

Abstract: A myocardium wall thickness measuring transducer comprises a circular beam of high compliance and an elongated spike which extends in the plane in which the beam is disposed. The spike is connected at one point to the beam while a working end of the spike to which a barb is attached, extends through an opening in the beam at a substantially diametrically opposite point. The beam portion, surrounding the opening, is free to move or be displaced relative to the spike. A sensitive strain gauge is bonded to the beam to sense changes in the tension thereof. The working end of the spike is inserted through the epicardium into the myocardium so that the spike and the beam are in a plane substantially perpendicular to the epicardium at the point of insertion. The spike is inserted, to a depth at which a minimal beam deforming force is applied by the myocardium to the beam portion surrounding the opening.

Abstract: A force transducer for measuring dynamic force activity within the heart of a subject essentially consists of a U-shaped beam of low elastic compliance material. Two tines extend from the beam's legs and a long coil spring is attached to the beam. A strain gauge is coupled to one of the beam's legs to sense deflections thereof. The beam with the tines and most of the spring are surrounded by a flexible tube, defining a catheter, which is insertable into a subject's heart through an appropriate artery. The tines are extractable from the catheter for implantation into the myocardium by pushing on the end of the spring which extends beyond the external end of the catheter. The tines are retractable back into the catheter, prior to catheter removal from the subject, by pulling on the externally exposed spring end.

Abstract: A miniature transducer for sensing muscle displacement substantially consists of a curved beam of high elastic compliance connected at its ends to two prongs. The prongs have sharpened tips which are insertable into the muscle under observation. A sensitive strain gauge is bonded to the beam preferably at the point of greatest curvature. The strain gauge output is directly related to changes in the beam curvature. As the muscle under observation expands the spacing between the prongs increases which decreases the beam curvature. On the other hand, when the muscle contracts the prongs' spacing decreases, thereby increasing the beam curvature.