Abstract: A peg turner for a stringed instrument includes an elongate body portion extending along an axis. The body portion defines first and second opposing ends. A recess is formed in the first end of the body portion, and a tapered peg turner slot is formed in the recess. The tapered peg turner slot includes an opening at the first end of the body portion, sized to accept a tuning peg of a string instrument. Tapered sides extend from the opening along the rotational axis toward the second end of the body portion, tapering inward to form a compressive coupling for turning the selected peg about the axis with the body portion of the peg turner.

Abstract: A peg turner for a stringed instrument comprises an elongate body portion extending along an axis. The body portion defines first and second opposing ends. A recess is formed in the first end of the body portion, and a tapered peg turner slot is formed in the recess. The tapered peg turner slot comprises an opening at the first end of the body portion, sized to accept a tuning peg of a string instrument. Tapered sides extend from the opening along the rotational axis toward the second end of the body portion, tapering inward to form a compressive coupling for turning the selected peg about the axis with the body portion of the peg turner.

Abstract: A safety device for detecting elastically scattered radiation comprises: an excitation source of substantially monochromatic radiation having a controllable output, a detector for detecting elastically scattered radiation collected from a specimen illuminated by the excitation source, and a signal conditioning circuit that comprises a transducer and a comparator. An output transducer signal representative of the elastically scattered radiation is compared with a predefined threshold signal. If the output transducer signal is less than the threshold signal, a control output signal coupled to the excitation source causes the output of the source to be reduced. The safety device is included in an analyzer apparatus, preferably a Raman spectrometry apparatus that further includes an optical probe.

Abstract: A method for providing a standard Raman spectrum from a sample uses a particular Raman spectrometry apparatus or any similar Raman spectrometry apparatus, which is used to simultaneously irradiate a reference material and at least one sample, thereby obtaining their respective convolved Raman spectra. Using a defined standard energy dispersion characteristic and a standard Raman spectrum of the reference material, a convolution function is determined and applied to produce a deconvolved Raman spectrum of the sample. This deconvolved spectrum is multiplied by a defined standard photometric response function to produce a standard Raman spectrum of the sample.

Abstract: Disclosed is a spectroscopic probe apparatus useful for Raman, near infrared, luminescence, ultraviolet or visible spectroscopies that is formed with a robust method of construction using a molten metal soldering technique. The disclosed method and apparatus provides an optical probe that is easy to manufacture yet able to withstand drastic environmental conditions without damage and produce useful spectroscopic results under such conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a spectroscopic probe apparatus useful for Raman, near infrared, luminescence, ultraviolet or visible spectroscopies that is formed with a robust method of construction using a molten metal soldering technique. The disclosed method and apparatus provides an optical probe that is easy to manufacture yet able to withstand drastic environmental conditions without damage and produce useful spectroscopic results under such conditions.

Abstract: A method for quantitatively monitoring in situ by Raman spectrometry one or more selected constituents of a chemical composition comprises: simultaneously irradiating with a substantially monochromatic radiation source a reference material and a chemical composition containing one or more constituents, the radiation being transmitted from the source to the chemical composition by an excitation conduit connecting the source to an optical probe that interfaces with the composition; simultaneously acquiring at more than one wavelength convolved Raman spectra of the reference material and the chemical composition by means of a spectrograph, which is connected to the optical probe by a collection conduit; choosing the standard Raman spectrum of the reference material; determining the convolution function of the convolved spectra from the convolved Raman spectrum and the standard Raman spectrum of the reference material; applying the convolution function to adjust the convolved Raman spectrum of the composition to