Abstract: A method and system for collecting gaseous nitrogen compounds into an aqueous solution are provided. The method enables the combination of gaseous sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the aqueous solution to generate ammonium compound components, to include ammonium sulfate. Sulfur may be pressure injected into the solution as gaseous sulfur dioxide. Optionally, carbon may be introduced into the solution as gaseous carbon dioxide. The sulfur may be earlier sourced by a burning of a sulfurous solid. The pH of the solution may be monitored and the introduction of ammonia, carbon and/or sulfur may be halted or constrained while the pH of the solution is measured outside of specified range. The solution may be allowed to age to permit a mix of compounds of ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate to restabilize and thereby encourage a renewed surge of ammonium sulfate generation.

Abstract: A method and system for collecting gaseous nitrogen compounds into an aqueous solution are provided. The method enables the combination of gaseous sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the aqueous solution to generate ammonium compound components, to include ammonium sulfate. Sulfur may be pressure injected into the solution as gaseous sulfur dioxide. Optionally, carbon may be introduced into the solution as gaseous carbon dioxide. The sulfur may be earlier sourced by a burning of a sulfurous solid. The pH of the solution may be monitored and the introduction of ammonia, carbon and/or sulfur may be halted or constrained while the pH of the solution is measured outside of specified range. The solution may be allowed to age to permit a mix of compounds of ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbomate to restabilize and thereby encourage a renewed surge of ammonium sulfate generation.

Abstract: A method and system for collecting gaseous nitrogen compounds into an aqueous solution are provided. The method enables the combination of gaseous sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the aqueous solution to generate ammonium compound components, to include ammonium sulfate. Sulfur may be pressure injected into the solution as gaseous sulfur dioxide. Optionally, carbon may be introduced into the solution as gaseous carbon dioxide. The sulfur may be earlier sourced by a burning of a sulfurous solid. The pH of the solution may be monitored and the introduction of ammonia, carbon and/or sulfur may be halted or constrained while the pH of the solution is measured outside of specified range. The solution may be allowed to age to permit a mix of compounds of ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbomate to restabilize and thereby encourage a renewed surge of ammonium sulfate generation.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for sorting scrap metal containing at least two categories of metals are provided. An x-ray beam is directed towards at least a portion of a particle of scrap metal. Backscattered x-rays, forward scattered x-rays, and transmitted x-rays from the particle are measured and input into a classifier, such as a database with a cutoff plane. The scrap metal is sorted into a first category and a second category on the scrap metal by a controller. An x-ray source for a scanning system is provided with an electron beam generator, an electromagnetic beam focusing coil, a pair of saddle shaped beam steering coils, and a target foil to create a scanning x-ray beam along a plane.

Abstract: Low energy electron sterilizers and method of sterilization using low energy electrons are disclosed herein. An example method of sterilizing an instrument using low energy electrons can include generating one or more low energy electrons, maintaining the instrument in a vacuum and irradiating the instrument with the low energy electrons. The low energy electrons can have an energy less than or equal to 25 ke V, and the vacuum can be sufficiently low to prevent the one or more electrons from producing a plasma.

Abstract: Low energy electron sterilizers and method of sterilization using low energy electrons are disclosed herein. An example method of sterilizing an instrument using low energy electrons can include generating one or more low energy electrons, maintaining the instrument in a vacuum and irradiating the instrument with the low energy electrons. The low energy electrons can have an energy less than or equal to 25 keV, and the vacuum can be sufficiently low to prevent the one or more electrons from producing a plasma.

Abstract: A method and system for collecting gaseous nitrogen compounds into an aqueous solution are provided. The method enables the combination of gaseous sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the aqueous solution to generate ammonium compound components, to include ammonium sulfate. Sulfur may be pressure injected into the solution as gaseous sulfur dioxide. Optionally, carbon may be introduced into the solution as gaseous carbon dioxide. The sulfur may be earlier sourced by a burning of a sulfurous solid. The pH of the solution may be monitored and the introduction of ammonia, carbon and/or sulfur may be halted or constrained while the pH of the solution is measured outside of specified range. The solution may be allowed to age to permit a mix of compounds of ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbomate to restabilize and thereby encourage a renewed surge of ammonium sulfate generation.

Abstract: An aerobic composting process for producing an organic ammonium sulfate product is provided, including providing an enclosed composting apparatus for decomposition of a source of nitrogen; mixing said source of nitrogen with a source of carbon, thereby creating a biomass having a high solids content; moving said biomass down the composting trench as the aerobic composting process progresses; providing aerobic bacteria to highly selectively convert the available nitrogen compounds from said biomass into NH3 and/or NH4 and CO2 without addition of external heat; capturing the NH3 and/or NH4 and CO2 from the atmosphere of the composting apparatus in an aqueous solution; adding a source of sulfate to said aqueous solution containing captured NH3 and/or NH4 and CO2; and processing said aqueous solution containing a source of sulfate and captured NH3 and/or NH4 and CO2 to obtain preferrably organic ammonium polycarbonate and/or solid or concentrated liquid ammonium sulfate product.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for sorting scrap metal containing at least two categories of metals are provided. An x-ray beam is directed towards at least a portion of a particle of scrap metal. Backscattered x-rays, forward scattered x-rays, and transmitted x-rays from the particle are measured and input into a classifier, such as a database with a cutoff plane. The scrap metal is sorted into a first category and a second category on the scrap metal by a controller. An x-ray source for a scanning system is provided with an electron beam generator, an electromagnetic beam focusing coil, a pair of saddle shaped beam steering coils, and a target foil to create a scanning x-ray beam along a plane.

Abstract: A linear source of x-rays is disclosed wherein an elongated filament, mounted within a cylindrically formed anode, provides electrons around the filament, and along the length of said filament. The anode that comprises a high Z material such as gold, receives the electrons and emits X-rays in a 360 degree arc and along a substantial length of the anode. In one embodiment the tube is used for irradiation purposes.

Abstract: An end mounting (2) for pivotally mounting a housing (5) of a ram (1) to a structure (3) is formed from a single solid piece of material. The end mounting (2) comprises a mounting block (9) which is secured to the structure (3), an end cap (10) which is sealably secured to the housing (5), and a connecting portion (14) which extends between the mounting block (9) and the end cap (10). The connecting portion (14) is of hour-glass shape, cross-section and extends the width of the mounting block (9) to form a plastic hinge. The connection portion (14) defines a pivot axis (18) at the waist (19) of the hour-glass shape about which the end cap (10) and the mounting block (9) are pivotal relative to each other.